1930
Pan-African Chronology
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November 1
*James Campbell Matthews, the first African American law school graduate in New York, died in Albany, New York.
James Campbell Matthews (b. November 6, 1844, New Haven, Connecticut — d. November 1, 1930, Albany, New York) was an attorney and judge. He was notable as the first African American law school graduate in New York. He was elected a municipal judge in the late 1890s, which was the highest judicial office attained by an African-American up to that time.
James Campbell Matthews was born in New Haven, Connecticut, on November 6, 1844. His father was a barber, and the family moved to Albany, New York, when James Matthews was a boy. His parents died in 1861, and Matthews was then raised by Lydia Mott and Phebe Jones, two Albany anti-slavery activists who later worked in support of racial integration.
Although Albany's schools were segregated, Matthews succeeded in attending the public schools attended by white students. He then won a scholarship to The Albany Academy, and succeeded in winning acceptance despite objections "by canting hypocrytes in the Republican fold." Matthews was a stellar student who won Best English Essay and the Beck Literary Medal, graduating in 1864.
Matthews worked initially as a clerk at Albany's Congress Hotel, and was later employed as a bookkeeper. After deciding on a legal career, Matthews began studies at Albany Law School. He graduated in 1870, was admitted to the bar, and practiced in Albany.
In 1875 Matthews married Adella Duplessis of New York City. They were the parents of a son, Charles D. Matthews.
Most African-Americans of the 1800s who were able to vote and participate in the political process joined the Republican Party, which was viewed favorably as having eliminated slavery during the American Civil War. Matthews was initially active as a Republican, but later became notable for his decision to join Albany's Democratic Party.
In 1885, President Grover Cleveland nominated Matthews to serve as Recorder of Deeds for the District of Columbia, a position previously held by Frederick Douglass. Matthews held the position by virtue of a recess appointment, but the U.S. Senate, then controlled by Republicans, refused to confirm him, claiming that he had attempted to coerce other African-Americans in Albany to switch their allegiance to the Democratic party in local elections.
Matthews won the election for Judge of Albany's Recorder’s Court in 1895. At the time he took office, Matthews held the highest judicial position of any African-American up to that time. He served until 1899, when Albany's Republicans won the city elections and reclaimed control of the municipal government.
After leaving the bench Matthews resumed the practice of law, and remained active until he retired in the early 1920s.
Matthews died in Albany on November 1, 1930. He was buried at Albany Rural Cemetery, Section 28, Lot 95.
In tribute to James Matthews, Albany Law School's faculty includes an endowed professorship, the James Campbell Matthews Distinguished Professor of Jurisprudence and, in 2013, Albany Law School inaugurated the James Campbell Matthews Lecture Series.
*Ras Tafari, who took the name Haile Selassie when he was proclaimed Negus (King) in 1928, was crowned King of Kings at Addis Adaba. He would reign until 1974 and be regarded by Jamaican Rastafarians as the living God. He was seen as fulfilling a prophecy of Marcus Garvey, "Look to Africa, where a black king shall be crowned, for the day of deliverance is near."
Haile Selassie I, original name Tafari Makonnen, (b. July 23, 1892, near Harar, Ethiopia — d. August 27, 1975, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia), was Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974. As Emperor, he sought to modernize his country and steered it into the mainstream of post-World War II African politics. He brought Ethiopia into the League of Nations and the United Nations and made Addis Adaba the major center for the Organization of African Unity (now the African Union).
Tafari was a great-grandson of Sahle Selassie of Shewa (Shoa) and a son of Ras (Prince) Makonnen, a chief adviser to Emperor Menilek II. Educated at home by French missionaries, Tafari at an early age favorably impressed the emperor with his intellectual abilities and was promoted accordingly. As governor of Sidamo and then of Harar province, Tafari followed progressive policies, seeking to break the feudal power of the local nobility by increasing the authority of the central government. He thereby came to represent politically progressive elements of the population. In 1911, he married Wayzaro Menen, a great-granddaughter of Menilek II.
When Menilek II died in 1913, his grandson Lij Yasu succeeded to the throne, but the latter’s unreliability and his close association with Islam made him unpopular with the majority Christian population of Ethiopia. Tafari became the rallying point of the Christian resistance, and he deposed Lij Yasu in 1916. Zauditu, Menilek II’s daughter, thereupon became empress in 1917, and Ras Tafari was named regent and heir apparent to the throne.
While Zauditu was conservative in outlook, Ras Tafari was progressive and became the focus of the aspirations of the modernist younger generation. In 1923, he had a conspicuous success with the admission of Ethiopia to the League of Nations. In the following year, he visited Jerusalem, Rome, Paris, and London, becoming the first Ethiopian ruler ever to go abroad.
In 1928, Ras (Prince) Tafari assumed the title of negus (“king”), and, two years later, when Zauditu died, he was crowned emperor, on November 2, 1930, and took the name of Haile Selassie (“Might of the Trinity”).
In 1931, Haile Selassie promulgated a new constitution, which strictly limited the powers of Parliament. From the late 1920s on, Haile Selassie in effect was the Ethiopian government, and, by establishing provincial schools, strengthening the police forces, and progressively outlawing feudal taxation, he sought to both help his people and increase the authority of the central government.
When Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935, Haile Selassie led the resistance, but in May 1936 he was forced into exile. He appealed for help from the League of Nations in a memorable speech that he delivered to that body in Geneva on June 30, 1936. With the advent of World War II, he secured British assistance in forming an army of Ethiopian exiles in Sudan. British and Ethiopian forces invaded Ethiopia in January 1941 and recaptured Addis Ababa several months later. Although he was reinstated as emperor, Haile Selassie had to recreate the authority he had previously exercised. He again implemented social, economic, and educational reforms in an attempt to modernize Ethiopian government and society on a slow and gradual basis.
The Ethiopian government continued to be largely the expression of Haile Selassie’s personal authority. In 1955, he granted a new constitution giving him as much power as the previous one. Overt opposition to his rule surfaced in December 1960, when a dissident wing of the army secured control of Addis Ababa and was dislodged only after a sharp engagement with loyalist elements.
Haile Selassie played a very important role in the establishment of the Organization of African Unity in 1963. His rule in Ethiopia continued until 1974, at which time famine, worsening unemployment, and the political stagnation of his government prompted segments of the army to mutiny. They deposed Haile Selassie and established a provisional military government, the Derg, which espoused Marxist ideologies. Haile Selassie was kept under house arrest in his own palace, where he spent the remainder of his life. Official sources at the time attributed his death to natural causes, but evidence later emerged suggesting that he had been strangled on the orders of the military government.
Haile Selassie was regarded as the messiah of all Black people by the Rastafarian movement.
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*Getulio Vargas became President of Brazil.
Getulio Vargas, in full Getulio Dorneles Vargas, (b. April 19, 1882, Sao Borja, Brazil — d. August 24, 1954, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), was twice the President of Brazil (1930–45 and 1951–54). As President, Vargas brought social and economic changes that helped modernize the country. Although denounced by some as an unprincipled dictator, Vargas was revered by his followers as the “Father of the Poor,” for his battle against big business and large landowners. His greatest accomplishment was to guide Brazil as it weathered the far-reaching consequences of the Great Depression and the accompanying polarization between communism and fascism during his long tenure in office.
Vargas was born in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, into a family prominent in state politics. Contemplating a military career, he joined the army when he was sixteen but soon decided to study law. In 1908, shortly after graduating from the Porto Alegre Law School, he entered politics. By 1922, Vargas had risen rapidly in state politics and was elected to the National Congress, in which he served for four years. In 1926, Vargas became minister of finance in the Cabinet of President Washington Luis Pereira de Sousa, a post he retained until his election as governor of Rio Grande do Sul in 1928. From his position as state governor, Vargas campaigned unsuccessfully as reform candidate for the presidency of Brazil in 1930. While appearing to accept defeat, Vargas in October of that year led the revolution, organized by his friends, that overthrew the oligarchical republic.
For the next 15 years, Vargas assumed largely dictatorial powers, ruling most of that time without a congress. He held sole power as provisional president from November 3, 1930, until July 17, 1934, when he was elected president by the constituent assembly. During this time, he survived a Sao Paulo-led revolt in 1932 and an attempted communist revolution in 1935. On November 10, 1937, Vargas presided over a coup d'etat that set aside the constitutional government and set up the populist authoritarian Estado Novo (“New State”). In 1938, Vargas, along with members of his family and staff, personally resisted an attempt to overthrow his government by Brazilian fascists.
Prior to 1930 the federal government had been in effect a federation of autonomous states, dominated by rural landholders and financed largely by the proceeds of agricultural exports. Under Vargas this system was destroyed. The tax structure was revised to make state and local administrations dependent upon the central authority, the electorate was quadrupled and granted the secret ballot, women were enfranchised, extensive educational reforms were introduced, social-security laws were enacted, labor was organized and controlled by the government, and workers were assured a wide range of benefits, including a minimum wage, while business was stimulated by a program of rapid industrialization. Vargas, however, did not change the private-enterprise system, nor did his social reforms extend in practice to the rural poor.
On October 29, 1945, Vargas was overthrown by a coup d’état in a wave of democratic sentiment sweeping postwar Brazil. He still, however, retained wide popular support. Although elected as senator from Rio Grande do Sul in December 1945, he went into semi-retirement until 1950, when he emerged as the successful presidential candidate of the Brazilian Labor Party. He took office on January 31, 1951.
As an elected president restrained by congress, a profusion of political parties, and public opinion, Vargas was unable to satisfy his labor following or to placate mounting middle-class opposition. Thus, he resorted increasingly to ultra-nationalistic appeals to hold popular support and incurred the animosity of the United States government, which encouraged intransigent opposition from his enemies. By mid-1954, criticism of the government was widespread, and the armed forces, professing shock over scandals within the regime, joined in the call for Vargas’s withdrawal.
Vargas' political adversaries initiated a crisis which culminated in the murder of an Air Force officer, Major Rubens Vaz, killed during an assassination attempt in the street outside 180 Rua Tonelero, the home of Vargas' main adversary, publishing executive and politician, Carlos Lacerda. Lieutenant Gregorio Fortunato, chief of Vargas' personal guard, also called "Black Angel", was implicated in the crime. This aroused anger in the military against Vargas, following which the generals demanded Vargas' resignation. In a last-ditch effort Vargas called a special cabinet meeting on the eve of 24 August 24, 1954, but rumors spread that the armed forces officers were implacable.
At 8:45 am (11:45 GMT) on Tuesday, August 24, 1954, at the Catete Palace, Vargas' presidential palace in Rio de Janeiro, Vargas, unable to manage the situation, shot himself in the chest with a pistol. His suicide note was found and read out on radio within two hours of his son discovering the body. The famous last lines read,
"Serenely, I take my first step on the road to eternity. I leave life to enter History."
Vargas' suicide has been interpreted in various ways. His death by suicide simultaneously traded on the image of a valiant warrior selflessly fighting for the protection of national interests, alongside the image of a crafty and calculating statesman, whose political machinations reeked of demagoguery and self-interest. The same day as his suicide, riots broke out in Rio de Janeiro and Porto Alegre.
The Vargas family refused a state funeral, but his successor, Cafe Filho, declared official days of mourning. Vargas' body was placed on public view in a glass-topped coffin. The route of the cortege carrying the body from the Presidential Palace to the airport was lined with tens of thousands of Brazilians. The burial and memorial service were in his hometown of Sao Borja, Rio Grande do Sul.
The Museo Historico Nacional (MHN) was given the furnishings of the bedroom where Vargas committed suicide. A museum gallery recreates the scene and is a site of remembrance. On exhibit in the Palace is his nightshirt with a bullet hole in the chest. The popular outrage caused by his suicide had supposedly been strong enough to thwart the ambitions of his enemies, among the rightists, anti-nationalists, pro-U.S. elements and even the pro-Prestes Brazilian Communist Party, for several years.
History regards Getulio Vargas as being the most influential Brazilian politician of the 20th century, as well as the first to draw widespread support from the masses. Having fought against the influence of the elite, Vargas guided Brazil through the Great Depression, and he was nicknamed "the Father of the Poor" for his economic reforms.
***
(See also Appendix 10: The Old Republic)
***
(See also Appendix 11: Coffee with Milk Politics)
***
(See also Appendix 14: The Revolution of 1930)
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November 6
*Derrick Albert Bell, Jr., the first tenured African American Professor of Law at Harvard Law School who is largely credited as one of the originators of critical race theory (CRT), was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He was a visiting professor at New York University School of Law from 1991 until his death. He was also a dean of the University of Oregon School of Law.
Derrick Albert Bell Jr. (b. November 6, 1930, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania – d. October 5, 2011, New York City, New York) was an American lawyer, legal scholar, and civil rights activist. Bell first worked for the United States Justice Department, then the NAACP Legal Defense Fund, where he supervised over 300 school desegregation cases in Mississippi.
After a decade as a civil rights lawyer, Bell moved into academia where he spent the second half of his life. He started teaching at the University of Southern California, then moved to Harvard Law School where he became the first tenured African American professor of law in 1971. From 1991 until his death in 2011, Bell was a visiting professor at New York University School of Law, and a dean of the University of Oregon School of Law. While he was a visiting, he was a professor of constitutional law.
Bell developed important scholarship, writing many articles and multiple books, using his practical legal experience and his academic research to examine racism, particularly in the legal system. Bell questioned civil rights advocacy approaches, partially stemming from frustrations in his own experiences as a lawyer. Bell is often credited as one of the originators of critical race theory.
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See also Appendix 45: Derrick Bell and Critical Race Theory.
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*Leslie Lee, a Tony Award-nominated playwright, was born in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania.
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November 7
*Greg Bell, a long jumper who won the gold medal in the long jump at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Australia, was born in Terre Haute, Indiana.
Gregory Curtis Bell (b. November 7, 1930, Terre Haute, Indiana) was a track and field athlete who won the Gold Medal in the Long Jump at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Australia. He was born in Terre Haute, Indiana.
He won three national AAU championships, two NCAA Championships, earned NCAA All-American status three times and was a four-time national AAU All-American. From 1956–1958, he was ranked first in the world in the long jump. He set an NCAA record in the long jump, which stood for seven years, and is a charter member of both the Indiana Track and Field and Indiana University Athletic halls of fame.
Bell was inducted into the United States of America Track and Field Hall of Fame in 1988. Following his appearance in the Summer Olympics, he worked as director of dentistry at Logansport State Hospital for over 50 years and retired on May 30, 2020.
Bell was born November 7, 1930, on a 36-acre truck farm 10 miles south of Terre Haute. His mother, the former Essa Manual Bradshaw, had six children from a previous marriage. His father, Curtis Bell, had built a house on the property, but it was destroyed by fire.
Without insurance to replace the house, the father modified the 20- by 30-foot chicken house into living quarters. Children slept three to a bed. Until Greg was 7, there was no electricity. One year, the family subsisted on almost nothing but potatoes.
Bell said he was a shy child, hiding behind his mother’s apron. Speaking was a struggle into adulthood.
The farm produced vegetables, strawberries and melons. A horse-drawn plow tilled the soil, and there were cows to milk, hogs to butcher and livestock to feed. Bell’s father did own an old model-T Ford truck. If young Greg wanted a toy, he had to be imaginative enough to make one himself. That is, until a friend of his mother donated a scooter.
That was not his only entertainment. An uncle gave him the complete works of Paul Laurence Dunbar, a black poet who wrote in Negro dialect. Bell said he “just got hooked on Dunbar,” leading to a lifetime love of poetry. Bell was known for being able to recite 21 Dunbar poems from memory, and in dialect.
An old Philco radio broadcast dramas such as “The Lone Ranger” and “Mr. District Attorney.” Nearly 80 years later, Bell could recite the lead-in for “Mr. District Attorney.” Bell’s father listened to broadcasts of boxing matches featuring Joe Louis, an icon to African Americans in the 1930s. Young Greg was mesmerized by the delivery of sportscaster Don Dunphy from New York’s Madison Square Garden. As a child, Greg would dream of one day being at Madison Square Garden. Years later, he would be.
For school, Greg took a nine-mile bus trip to the unincorporated town of Pimento. However, in 1942, everything changed for the Bells. World War II had begun, and the government wanted Indiana farmland to build a weapons depot. The Bell farm was on that land, and the government purchased the land but only for $1,500. Greg was 12 that year, and would recall with great sadness how guards on horseback came to the house daily to say they had to leave.
The Bell family was the last farm family to leave because they had no place to go. Ultimately, the family moved to what was known as the Underwood neighborhood, just north of the city limits of Terre Haute, in a house at 2913 North 14th Street. It could have been called a ghetto, Bell recalled, if there had been enough residents to make it a ghetto.
As a sophomore, he enrolled at Garfield. He conceded there was racism there but did not allow that to scar him.
“I accepted it for what it was,” Bell said. “That was the way times were. But I detested it.”
That was especially so in an English class in which the teacher said colored children could never be awarded higher than a “C.” He said he always wanted to return to Garfield and show the teacher he earned A’s at Indiana University in English composition and literature.
Bell had always been a fast runner, beating children two or three years older, but had never participated in organized sports. He was drawn to the pole vault because “Tarzan” was his new favorite radio show, and that event seemed closest to swinging from a jungle vine. Using a bamboo pole and sawdust or sand landing pit, he could vault as high as 11 feet.
“I had no idea what I was doing.” Bell would later recall.
He once wrenched his back in practice, knocking him out of the pole vault. The principal, James Conover, asked him if he had ever done the broad jump, as the event was then called. Again, Bell had never heard of it.
“What is it?”, he asked.
You run and then jump, the principal replied. Bell tried it, and the jump was measured. It was longer than the school record.
Bell began running sprints and relays, too, but long jump was his signature event. As a senior, in 1948, he finished second at the state meet with a distance of 22 feet, 2 inches, or four inches from first. And Bell figured that it would be it. The state meet was to be the end of Bell's track career.
But destiny figured otherwise.
He knew about the Olympics — they were held in London that year after a 12-year hiatus caused by World War II — but that is all.
He remained home, taking odd jobs to contribute to the family’s income. He cleaned mortar from bricks, pulled nails from used lumber, cut weeds with a scythe, worked in a feed mill, cleaned a poultry house, shucked corn. He moved to Chicago and roomed with his brother, taking a job at meatpacking company. He shook salt from cowhides in what he said was the worst job he ever had, “maybe that anyone ever had.”
He was an apprentice truck driver, hauling eggs, paper and cotton. Then fate intervened again. He was drafted into the Army in 1950. Not that he minded, really. He did not have a decent job, he said, and “at least they’re going to pay me.”
After basic training, he speculated he would be sent to war in Korea. Instead, he was among the occupying U.S. forces in Western Europe. He awaited orders in Sonthofen, Germany, which was bombed twice during World War II because that is where Adolf Hitler organized training for boys in the Nazi Party. Bell was eventually deployed to Captieux, France, in wine country about 60 miles south of Bordeaux. Coincidentally, an ammunition depot changed his life again, because one was located in Captieux.
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November 8
*The United States and Britain extended formal recognition to the new Brazilian government.
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*Joan Scott Wallace, a trailblazing African American administrator and diplomat, was born in Chicago, Illinois.
Joan Scott Wallace (b. November 8, 1930, Chicago, Illinois - d. March 15, 2018) was the first Black female leader of the United States Department of Agriculture, serving as Assistant Secretary. Wallace also served as a diplomat, and outside of government service was a psychologist and educator.
Joan Edaire Scott Wallace was born in Chicago to painter and muralist William Edouard Scott and social worker Esther Fulks Scott on November 8, 1930. Wallace graduated from Englewood High School as the first Black salutatorian in 1948. She completed a bachelor's degree in sociology at Bradley University in 1952, a master's in social work from Columbia University in 1954, and a doctorate from Northwestern University in experimental social psychology. Wallace also attended the Harvard Institute for Educational Management in Boston, Massachusetts.
In 1954, Wallace married John H. Wallace with whom she had three sons, Eric, Victor, and Marc. They later divorced and Wallace married pastor and activist Maurice Dawkins in 1979. The two remained married until Dawkins' death in 2001 and in 2003, Wallace remarried her first husband.
From 1967 to 1973, Wallace was the associate professor of Psychology and Social Work and Director of Undergraduate School of Social Work and Department of Psychology at the University of Illinois, Chicago. In 1970, while on leave from the University of Illinois, Chicago, Wallace served as Director of Afro-American Studies and associate professor of Sociology and Psychology at Barat College. Then, in 1973, Wallace was named Dean of Howard University's School of Social Work. Between 1975 and 1976, she served at the National Urban League as Deputy Executive Director for Programs. The following year, Wallace was named Vice President of Administration at Morgan State University and then became Director of the Western Michigan University School of Social Work.
In 1977, Wallace was appointed Assistant Secretary for Administration in the Department of Agriculture by President Jimmy Carter, the third woman and the first African American to hold the position. She was in the position until 1981, when she became head of the International Cooperation and Development Agency (ICDA). At ICDA, Wallace sent specialists to provide technical assistance in agriculture to 100 foreign countries and managed over 500 research programs. In 1989, President George H. W. Bush appointed her to the Inter-American Institute for Co-operation on Agriculture (IICA) Diplomatic Representative in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago; she held the position until 1993. Wallace retired from Government service in 1995 and became chairman of Americans for Democracy in Africa, an organization that monitors elections. In 1999, Wallace joined the faculty of Florida International University as Professor and associate director of the School of Social Work. The following year, she served as Commissioner of Volunteer Florida.
Wallace was awarded honorary degrees from the University of Maryland, Eastern Shore, Bowie State College and Alabama A&M University.
Joan Scott Wallace passed away on March 15, 2018.
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November 10
*Clarence Pendleton, Jr. was born in Louisville, Kentucky. Pendleton would become the first African American chairperson of the United States Civil Rights Commission in 1981.
*Guillermo Erazo, an Afro-Ecuadorian musician, singer, and marimba player better known as Papa Roncon, was born in Borbon, Esmeraldas, Ecuador.
November 13
*Cuban President Gerardo Machado suspended the Constitution for 25 days as rioting in Havana killed seven.
*Benny Andrews, a painter, printmaker, creator of collages and an educator, was born in Plainview, Georgia.
*René Philombé (René Philombe), pen name of Philippe Louis Ombedé (b. November 13, 1930 – d. October 25, 2001), a Cameroonian writer, journalist, poet, novelist and playwright who mostly wrote in French was born in the city of Ngaoundere, Cameroon. He was one of the founders of the Association of Cameroonian Poets and Writers (APEC) of which he was the secretary for 20 years. He received the Mottart Prize from the Academie Francaise and the Fonlon-Nichols prize from the African Literature Association.
November 16
*Chinua Achebe, a Nigerian novelist whose first novel, Things Fall Apart, became the most widely read book in modern African literature, was born in Ogidi, Nigeria Protectorate.
*Thomas Barnes, the first African American Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force, was born.
November 17
*Benjamin Leroy Wigfall, an African American abstract-expressionist artist, was born in Richmond, Virginia.
Benjamin Leroy Wigfall (b. November 17, 1930, Richmond, Virginia – d. February 9, 2017, New Paltz, New York) was an American abstract-expressionist painter, printmaker, teacher, gallery owner, and collector of African art. He was the founder of a community art space called Communications Village as a hub for residents in a Black neighborhood in Kingston, New York. At the age of 20, he was the youngest artist ever to have a painting purchased by the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts.
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(See also Appendix 32: Benjamin Leroy Wigfall, An Abstract-Expressionist Artist.)
November 18
*Stenio Vincent was elected President of Haiti by the National Assembly.
November 20
*Bertin Borna, a Beninese politician who served as Benin's minister of finance, was born in Tanguieta, Benin.
November 21
*Eliaba Surur, the founder and chairman of the Union of Sudan African Parties, was born in Mongalla, Uganda.
Eliaba James Surur (b. November 21, 1930, Mongalla, Uganda - d. August 17, 2014, Kampala, Uganda) was a politician in Sudan. He was the founder and chairman of the now defunct political party, the Union of Sudan African Parties 2 (USAP 2).
Surur was born in Mukaya Payam in Lainya County in Central Equatoria State. He was a member of the Pojulu tribe. He was a secondary school teacher before becoming a politician. Elioba was a participant in the First Sudanese Civil War, fighting with the Anyanya movement from 1955 to 1972. He also fought in the Second Sudanese Civil War on the side of the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) from 1983 to 2005. He was a leader of the Union of Sudan African Parties before splintering off to form the USAP 2.
Surur founded the party in 1984. After the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in Nairobi, Kenya, the party supported the Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement (SPLA/M) in their vision of a new Sudan. The USAP represented the main support to the government during 21 years and, therefore, they played a major role in resolving the conflict through participating in the peacemaking and peace-building processes of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement. Before it was dissolved, the party was represented by four seatss in the government of South Sudan.
During July 2010, Surur announced that the Union of Sudan African Parties 2 would become part of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement. His explanation for the merge was a desire for Southern Sudan to be united for the upcoming Southern Sudanese independence referendum scheduled for January 2011.
November 22
*Melvin Wanzo, an American trombonist known for his longtime association with the Count Basie Orchestra, was born in Cleveland, Ohio.
Melvin "Mel" Wanzo, also known as Melvin Wahid Muhammad (b. November 22, 1930, Cleveland, Ohio - d. September 9, 2005, Detroit, Michigan) was an American jazz trombonist. He is best known for his longtime association with the Count Basie Orchestra.
Wanzo received formal education in music at Youngstown University in Youngstown, Ohio, graduating in 1952. He then joined the United States Army and played in a band whose leader was Cannonball Adderley. In the 1950s, he worked in bands behind blues and R&B singers such as Ruth Brown and Big Joe Turner, then studied music once more, at the Cleveland Institute of Music. In the 1960s, he worked with Woody Herman and Ray McKinley (then leading the Glenn Miller Orchestra), and in 1969 became a member of the Count Basie Orchestra, where he played trombone until 1980. In the early 1980s he played with Frank Capp and Nat Pierce, then re-joined Basie's orchestra after Basie died and leadership passed to Thad Jones and Frank Foster.
November 28
*John Oladipo Oladitan (b. November 28, 1930 – d. June 17, 2002), a Nigerian track athlete who competed in the men's long jump at the 1960 Summer Olympics, was born.
November 30
*Jim Boyd, the winner of an Olympic boxing gold medal in the Light Heavyweight (173 pound) Division at the 1956 Melbourne Olympic Games, was born in Rocky Mount, North Carolina.
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