Liviu Librescu (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈlivju liˈbresku]; Hebrew: ליביו ליברסקו; August 18, 1930 – April 16, 2007) was a Romanian–American scientist and engineer. A prominent academic in addition to being a survivor of the Holocaust, his major research fields were aeroelasticity and aerodynamics.
Librescu is most widely known for his actions during the Virginia Tech shooting, when he held the doors to his lecture hall closed, allowing all but one of his students enough time to escape through the windows.[3] Shot and killed during the attack, Librescu was posthumously awarded the Order of the Star of Romania, the country's highest civilian honor. Coincidentally, Librescu's act of heroism happened on the 27th of Nisan on the Jewish lunar calendar. That date is Yom HaShoah which is Holocaust Remembrance Day in Israel.
At the time of his death, he was Professor of Engineering Science and Mechanics at Virginia Tech.[4]
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Life and career[edit]
Liviu Librescu was born in 1930 to a Jewish family in the city of Ploiești, Romania. After Romania allied with Nazi Germany in World War II, his family was deported to a labor camp in Transnistria, and later, along with thousands of other Jews, was deported to a ghettoin the Romanian city of Focșani.[5] His wife, Marlena, who is also a Holocaust survivor, told Israeli Channel 10 TV the day after his death, "We were in Romania during the Second World War, and we were Jews there among the Germans, and among the anti-SemiticRomanians."[5] Dorothea Weisbuch, a cousin of Librescu living in Romania, said in an interview to Romanian newspaper Cotidianul: "He was an extraordinarily gifted person and very altruistic. When he was little, he was very curious and knew everything, so that I thought he would become very conceited, but it did not happen so; he was of a rare modesty."[6]
After surviving the Holocaust, Librescu was repatriated to Communist Romania.[5] He studied aerospace engineering at the Polytechnic University of Bucharest, graduating in 1952 and continuing with a Master's degree at the same university. He was awarded a Ph.D. in fluid mechanics in 1969 at the Academia de Științe din România.[7] From 1953 to 1975, he worked as a researcher at the Bucharest Institute of Applied Mechanics, and later at the Institute of Fluid Mechanics and the Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Aerospace Constructions of the Academy of Science of Romania.
His career stalled in the 1970s because he refused to swear allegiance to the Romanian Communist Party and was forced out of academia for his sympathies towards Israel.[5] When Librescu requested permission to emigrate to Israel, the Academy of Science of Romania fired him.[5][8] In 1976, a smuggled research manuscript that he had published in the Netherlands drew him international attention in the growing field of material dynamics.[9]
After years of government refusal, Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin personally intervened to get the Librescu family an emigration permit by directly asking Romanian President Nicolae Ceaușescu to let them go.[5][10] They moved to Israel in 1978.
From 1979 to 1986, Librescu was Professor of Aeronautical and Mechanical Engineering at Tel Aviv University and taught at the Technion in Haifa.[10] In 1985, he left on sabbaticalfor the United States, where he served as Professor at Virginia Tech in its Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, where he remained until his death.[10][11] He served as a member on the editorial board of seven scientific journals and was invited as a guest editor of special issues of five other journals.[12] Most recently, he was co-chair of the International Organizing Committee of the 7th International Congress on Thermal Stress, Taipei, Taiwan, June 4–7, 2007, for which he had been scheduled to give the keynote lecture.[4][12] According to his wife, no Virginia Tech professor has ever published more articles than Librescu.[10]
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Fields of research[edit]
Librescu's major fields of study included:[12]
- Foundation and applications of the modern theory of shells incorporating non-classical effects and composed of advanced composite materials
- Foundation of the theory and applications of sandwich type structures
- Aeroelastic stability of flight vehicle structures
- Nonlinear aeroelasticity of structures in supersonic and hypersonic flow fields
- Aeroelastic and structural tailoring
- Dynamic response and instability of elastic and viscoelastic laminated composite structures subjected to deterministic and random loading systems
- Mechanical and thermal postbuckling of flat and curved shear-deformable elastic panels
- Static, dynamic and aeroelastic feedback control of adaptive structures
- Unsteady aerodynamics and magnetoaerodynamics of supersonic flows with applications
- Optimization problems of aeroelastic structural systems
- Theory of composite thin-walled beams and its application in aeronautical and mechanical constructions
- Nonlinear structural deformation of compressible composite materials under shear stress
- Response and behavior of structures to underwater and in-air explosions
- Multifunctional and functionally graded material structures.
Death and legacy[edit]
At age 76,[10] Librescu was among the 32 people who were murdered in the Virginia Tech shooting. On April 16, 2007, Seung-Hui Choentered the Norris Hall Engineering Building and opened fire on classrooms. Librescu, who taught a solid mechanics class in Room 204 in the Norris Hall during April 2007, held the door of his classroom shut while the gunman attempted to enter it. Although he was shot through the door, Librescu managed to prevent the gunman from entering the classroom until most of his students had escaped through the windows.[13][14][15] He was struck by five bullets,[16] with a shot to the head proving to be fatal.[17] Of the 23 registered students in his class, only one, Minal Panchal, died.[18]
A number of Librescu's students have called him a hero because of his actions. Caroline Merrey, a senior, said she and about 20 other students scrambled through the windows as Librescu shouted for them to hurry.[16] Merrey said, "I don’t think I would be here if it wasn't for [Librescu]."[19] Librescu's son Joe said he had received e-mails from several students who said he had saved their lives and regarded him as a hero.[10]
Following the murder of Librescu, at the request of his family and with the assistance of Gov. Tim Kaine, his body was released on April 17[20]and he received a funeral service at an Orthodox Jewish funeral home in Borough Park, Brooklyn, New York.[16] On April 20, he was interred in Israel.[21][22][23] In his native Romania, his picture was placed on a table at the Polytechnic University of Bucharest, and a candle was lit. People laid flowers nearby.[5]
The massacre took place on Holocaust Remembrance Day (Yom HaShoah). On April 18, 2007, President of the United States George W. Bush honored Librescu at a memorial service held at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, attended by a crowd that included many Holocaust survivors:[24]
Honors and awards[edit]
Librescu received many academic honors during his work in the Engineering Science and Mechanics Department at Virginia Tech, serving as chair or invited as a keynote speaker of several International Congresses on Thermal Stresses and receiving several honorary degrees. He was elected member of the Academy of Sciences of the Shipbuilding of Ukraine(2000) and Foreign Fellow of the Academy of Engineering of Armenia (1999). He was a recipient of Doctor Honoris Causa of the Polytechnic Institute of Bucharest (2000), of the 1999 Dean's Award for Excellence in Research, College of Engineering at Virginia Tech, and a laureate of the Traian Vuia Prize of the Romanian Academy (1972). He was a member of the Board of Experts of the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Scientific Research. He was awarded the Frank J. Maher Award for Excellence in Engineering Education (2005)[25] and an ASME diploma (2005) expressing "deep appreciation for the valuable services in advancing the engineering profession".[12]
Posthumously, Professor Librescu was commended by Traian Băsescu, the President of Romania, with the Order of the Star of Romania with the rank of Grand Cross, "as a sign of high appreciation and gratitude for the entire scientific and academic activity, as well as for the heroism shown in the course of the tragic events which took place on April 16th, 2007, [...] through which he saved the lives of his students, sacrificing his own life."[26] The Chabad Hasidic Movement named its Jewish Student Center at Virginia Tech after him.[27]
The classroom of the Sara and Sam Schoffer Holocaust Resource Center at Stockton University in Galloway, New Jersey was dedicated to the memory of Liviu Librescu in April 2009 through a donation from The Azeez Family and Foundation of Egg Harbor Township. Jane B. Stark, who is Executive Director of the Sam Azeez Museum of Woodbine Heritage in Woodbine, New Jersey, said "This man, who endured so much during the Holocaust, thought of his students’ safety before his own in a time of crisis. ... He deserves to be remembered for these heroic actions."[28]
The street in front of the U.S. Embassy in Bucharest was named in his honor.[29]
Professor Librescu was also awarded the 2007 Facilitator Award by Stetson University College of Law's Center for Excellence in Higher Education Law and Policy.
A gift to Columbia Law School from alumnus Ira Greenstein '85 honored Professor Librescu's heroism during the Virginia Tech shooting and established a professorship in his name—the "Liviu Librescu Professor of Law." This professorship is awarded at the discretion of the Dean, who seeks to appoint to the Librescu Professorship a member of the faculty with an expertise in national security or social justice. Matthew Waxman currently holds the Librescu Professorship.[30] He is an expert in national security law and international law, including issues such as executive power, international human rights and constitutional rights, military force and armed conflict, terrorism, cybersecurity, and maritime disputes.
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| G. Gordon Liddy | |
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Liddy in 1964
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| Born | George Gordon Battle Liddy November 30, 1930 Brooklyn, New York, U.S. |
| Alma mater | Fordham University |
| Occupation | Army officer, lawyer, FBI agent, politician, radio personality, actor, writer |
| Criminal charge | Conspiracy, burglary, illegal wiretapping |
| Criminal penalty | 20-year imprisonment, later commuted to 8 years by President Jimmy Carter |
| Criminal status | Released when parole came up after 4.5 years in prison |
| Spouse(s) | Frances Ann Purcell (m. 1957; her death 2010) |
| Children | 5; including Tom Liddy |
| Parent(s) | Sylvester Liddy Maria Abbaticchio |
| Military career | |
| Allegiance |  United States |
| Service/ |  United States Army |
| Rank | Lieutenant |
| Battles/wars | Korean War |
George Gordon Battle Liddy (born November 30, 1930), known as G. Gordon Liddy, is a former FBI agent, lawyer, talk show host, actor, and figure in the Watergate scandal as the chief operative in the White House Plumbers unit during the Nixon Administration. Liddy was convicted of conspiracy, burglary, and illegal wiretapping for his role in the scandal.[1]
Working alongside E. Howard Hunt, Liddy organized and directed the burglary of the Democratic National Committee headquarters in the Watergate building in May and June 1972. After five of Liddy's operatives were arrested inside the DNC offices on June 17, 1972, subsequent investigations of the Watergate scandal led to Nixon's resignation in 1974. Liddy was convicted of burglary, conspiracy and refusing to testify to the Senate committee investigating Watergate. He served nearly fifty-two months in federal prisons.[2]
He later joined with Timothy Leary for a series of popular debates on various college campuses, and similarly worked with Al Franken in the late 1990s. Liddy served as a radio talk show host from 1992 until his retirement on July 27, 2012.[3] His radio show as of 2009 was syndicated in 160 markets by Radio America and on both Sirius Satellite Radio and XM Satellite Radio stations in the United States.[4]He has been a guest panelist for Fox News Channel in addition to appearing in a cameo role or as a guest celebrity talent in several television shows.
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[hide]Early years[edit]
Youth, family, education[edit]
Liddy was born in Brooklyn, New York,[5] to Sylvester James Liddy and Maria (née Abbaticchio). Largely of Irish descent,[citation needed]his maternal grandfather was of Italian descent. Liddy was raised in Hoboken[6] and West Caldwell, New Jersey. He was named for George Gordon Battle, a New York City attorney and Tammany Hall DA nominee who had mentored Liddy's father.[citation needed]
Liddy spent grades 1 through 3 at the Academy of the Sacred Heart. He was enrolled in the fourth grade at SS Peter and Paul Parochial School. He was enrolled in St. Aloysius Parochial School at the sixth grade level in September 1941. He graduated in 1944 and in September of that year he entered Saint Benedict's Preparatory School in Newark, New Jersey, from which he graduated in June 1948, aged 17.
College, military, law school[edit]
He was educated at Fordham University, graduating in 1952. While at Fordham he was a member of the National Society of Pershing Rifles. Following graduation, Liddy joined the United States Army, serving for two years as an artillery officer during the Korean War. He remained stateside for medical reasons. He returned to New York City in 1954 to attend Fordham University School of Law, earning a position on the Fordham Law Review. After graduating from law school in 1957, he went to work for the Federal Bureau of Investigation(FBI) under J. Edgar Hoover.
FBI[edit]
Liddy joined the FBI in 1957,[1] initially serving as a field agent in Indiana and Denver.[7] In Denver, on September 10, 1960, Liddy apprehended Ernest Tait, one of two persons to be a two-time Ten Most Wanted fugitive.[7] At age 29, Liddy became the youngest[8] Bureau Supervisor at FBI headquarters in Washington, D.C. A protege of deputy director Cartha DeLoach,[1] Liddy became part of director J. Edgar Hoover's personal staff and became his ghostwriter.[8] Amongst his fellow agents he had a reputation for recklessness[1][9][10] and was known primarily for two incidents.[11] The first was an arrest in Kansas City, Missouri during a black bag job; he was released after calling Clarence M. Kelley, former FBI agent and chief of the Kansas City Police.[1][11] The second was running an FBI background check on his future wife before their marriage in 1957,[1][11] which Liddy later referred to as "purely a routine precautionary measure."[12]
Before leaving the FBI, Liddy pursued his contacts for bar admissions. In an example of the ironies played by history, his admission to the United States Supreme Court was moved by Solicitor General Archibald Cox.[13]
Prosecutor and politician[edit]
Liddy resigned from the FBI in 1962 and worked as a lawyer in New York City until 1966. He was hired by then district attorney Raymond Baratta as a prosecutor in Dutchess County, New York after interviewing and providing references from the FBI.[8] In 1966, he led a drug raid on Timothy Leary's Milbrook estate which resulted in an unsuccessful trial. The case generated much publicity though other lawyers complained Liddy received credit for something in which he played a relatively small role.[8][9] He was also reprimanded for firing a revolver at the ceiling in a courtroom.[9][10] A politically motivated drug raid on Bard College involved, among others, Donald Fagen and Walter Becker, who later formed the band Steely Dan and wrote the song "My Old School" about the raid. Liddy is mentioned in the lyrics as "Daddy Gee."[14]
He ran unsuccessfully for the post of District Attorney. In 1968, he ran for the United States House of Representatives in New York's 28th congressional district, running under the slogan "Gordon Liddy doesn't bail them out; he puts them in", but lost to Hamilton Fish IV in a close race.[12] He then worked with Egil "Bud" Krogh, Gordon Strachan and David Young, all aides to John D. Ehrlichman, Assistant to the President For Domestic Affairs. He then attained the post, in 1972, of General Counsel, Finance Committee of the Committee to Re-elect the President (CREEP),.[15] In Sept. 1973 Krogh, Liddy, Young and Erlichman were indicted for conspiracy to commit burglary.[16]
White House undercover operative[edit]
In 1971, after serving in several positions in the Nixon administration, Liddy was moved to Nixon's 1972 campaign, CREEP, in order to extend the scope and reach of the White House "Plumbers" unit, which had been created in response to various damaging leaks of information to the press. His formal title at CREEP was general counsel of the finance operation.[17]
At CREEP, Liddy concocted several plots in early 1972, collectively known under the title "Operation Gemstone". Some of these were far-fetched, intended to embarrass the Democratic opposition.[18] These included kidnapping anti-war protest organizers and transporting them to Mexico during the Republican National Convention (which at the time was planned for San Diego), as well as luring mid-level Democratic campaign officials to a house boat in Baltimore, where they would be secretly photographed in compromising positions with prostitutes. Most of Liddy's ideas were rejected by Attorney General John N. Mitchell, but a few were given the go-ahead by Nixon Administration officials, including the 1971 break-in at Daniel Ellsberg's psychiatrist's office in Los Angeles. Ellsberg had leaked the Pentagon Papers to The New York Times.[19] At some point, Liddy was instructed to break into the Democratic National Committee offices in the Watergate Complex.
Watergate burglaries[edit]
| Watergate scandal |
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Liddy was the Nixon Administration liaison and leader of the group of five men who broke into the headquarters of the Democratic National Committee at the Watergate Complex. At least two separate entries were made in May and June 1972; the burglars were caught and apprehended on June 17.[20] The purposes of the break-in were never conclusively established. The burglars sought to place wiretaps and planned to photograph documents. Their first attempt had led to improperly-functioning recording devices being installed. Liddy did not actually enter the Watergate Complex; rather, he admitted to supervising the second break-in which he coordinated with E. Howard Hunt, from a room in the adjacent Watergate Hotel. Liddy was convicted of conspiracy, burglary and illegal wiretapping.[21]
Liddy was sentenced to a 20-year prison term and was ordered to pay $40,000 in fines. He began serving the sentence on January 30, 1973. On April 12, 1977, President Jimmy Carter commuted Liddy's sentence to eight years, "in the interest of equity and fairness based on a comparison of Mr. Liddy's sentence with those of all others convicted in Watergate related prosecutions", leaving the fine in effect.[22] Carter's commutation made Liddy eligible for parole as of July 9, 1977. Liddy was released on September 7, 1977, after serving a total of four and a half years of incarceration.
After prison[edit]
In 1980, Liddy published an autobiography, titled Will, which sold more than a million copies and was made into a television movie. In it he states that he once made plans with Hunt to kill journalist Jack Anderson, based on a literal interpretation of a Nixon White House statement "we need to get rid of this Anderson guy".[19][23]
In the mid-1980s Liddy went on the lecture circuit, being listed as the top speaker on the college circuit in 1982 by The Wall Street Journal. He later joined with LSD proponent Timothy Leary on a series of debates billed as Nice Scary Guy vs Scary Nice Guy, which were popular on the college circuit as well; Leary had once been labeled by Liddy's ex-employer Richard Nixon as "the most dangerous man in America." Liddy remained in the public eye with two guest appearances on the television series Miami Vice as William "Captain Real Estate" Maynard, a shadowy former covert operations officer whom Sonny Crockett knew from his military service in South Vietnam.[24]
He appeared in the 1993 Golden Book Video release of Encyclopedia Brown: The Case of the Burgled Baseball Cards as Corky Lodato. In Miami Vice, he acted with John Diehl, who would later go on to portray Liddy himself in Oliver Stone's 1995 movie Nixon. Liddy's other TV guest credits include Airwolf, MacGyver and the short-lived The Highwayman. Comic book author Alan Moorehas stated that the character of The Comedian (Edward Blake) from his graphic novel Watchmenwas based in part on Liddy. In the 1979 TV adaptation of John Dean's book Blind Ambition, Liddy was played by actor William Daniels.
In the early 1980s, Liddy joined forces with former Niles, Illinois, policeman and co-owner of The Protection Group, Ltd., Thomas E. Ferraro, Jr., to launch a private security and countersurveillance firm called G. Gordon Liddy & Associates. The firm was not a success, filing for bankruptcy on November 12, 1988.[23]
In 1992, he emerged to host his own talk radio show. Less than a year later, its popularity led to national syndication through Viacom's Westwood One Network and through Radio America, in 2003. Liddy's show ended on July 27, 2012.[3]
In addition to Will, he wrote the nonfiction books, When I Was a Kid, This Was a Free Country (2002), and Fight Back! Tackling Terrorism, Liddy Style (2006, with his son,[25] Cdr. James G. Liddy, along with J. Michael Barrett and Joel Selanikio). He also published two novels: Out of Control (1979) and The Monkey Handlers (1990). His novels did not sell as well as his non-fiction works.[citation needed]
Liddy was one of many people interviewed for the biography of Abbie Hoffman, Steal this Dream, by Larry "Ratso" Sloman.
Acting career[edit]
Liddy acted in several films, including Street Asylum, Feds, Adventures in Spying, Camp Cucamonga, and Rules of Engagement. He appeared on such television shows as The Highwayman, Airwolf, Fear Factor, Perry Mason, and MacGyver. He had recurring roles in Miami Vice and Super Force, and guest starred in Al Franken's LateLine. On April 7, 1986, he appeared at WrestleMania II as a guest judge for a boxing match between Mr. T (with Joe Frazier, The Haiti Kid) versus Roddy Piper (with Bob Orton and Lou Duva).[24]
Liddy co-starred on 18 Wheels of Justice as the crime boss Jacob Calder from January 12, 2000 – June 6, 2001.
Liddy appeared on a celebrity edition Fear Factor, the show's series finale, on September 12, 2006 (filmed in November 2005). At 75 years of age, Liddy was the oldest contestant ever to appear on the show. Liddy beat the competition in the first two stunts, winning two motorcycles custom built by Metropolitan Chopper. In the final driving stunt, Liddy crashed and was unable to finish.[citation needed]
He was also an interviewee in the documentary The U.S. vs. John Lennon as well as a commercial spokesman for Rosland Capital, selling gold on television commercials.[26]
Personal life[edit]
Liddy was married to Frances Purcell-Liddy, a native of Poughkeepsie, New York, for 53 years until her death on February 5, 2010. She was an educator.[27] The couple had five children and twelve grandchildren.
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Marcel Antoine Lihau or Ebua Libana la Molengo Lihau (29 September 1931 – 9 April 1999) was a Congolese politician, jurist, and law professor who served as the inaugural First President of the Supreme Court of Justice of the Congo from 1968 until 1975 and was involved in the creation of two functional constitutions for the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Lihau attended the Université catholique de Louvain in Belgium with the help of sympathetic Jesuit educators, becoming one of the first Congolese to study law. While there he encouraged Congolese politicians to form an alliance that allowed them to secure the independence of the Congo from Belgium. He served briefly as a justice official and negotiator for the Congolese central government before being appointed to lead a commission to draft a permanent national constitution. He was made dean of law faculty at the University of Lovanium in 1963. The following year he helped deliver the Luluabourg Constitution to the Congolese, which was adopted by referendum. In 1965 Joseph-Desiré Mobutu seized total control of the country and directed Lihau to produce a new constitution. Three years later Lihau was appointed First President of the new Supreme Court of Justice of the Congo. He retained the position, advocating for judicial independence, until 1975 when he refused to force a harsh sentence upon student protesters. Lihau was summarily removed from his post by Mobutu and placed under house arrest. Becoming increasingly opposed to the government, he helped found the reform-oriented Union pour la Démocratie et le Progrès Social. Mobutu responded by suspending his rights and banishing him to a rural village.
His health in decline, Lihau sought refuge from political persecution in the United States in 1985, eventually securing a job as a professor of constitutional law at Harvard University. He continued to advocate for democracy in the Congo and returned to the country in 1990 to discuss political reform. He went back to the United States to seek medical treatment and died there in 1999.
Marcel Lihau was born on 29 September 1931 in Bumba, Équateur Province, Belgian Congo,[1][2][b] the eldest of eight children.[2] After his secondary education at the Bolongo seminary,[1] he attended the Jesuit University Centre in Kisantu, graduating from the school's administrative sciences division. One of Lihau's teachers, sociologist Willy De Craemer, resolved to help him enroll in the Université catholique de Louvain in Belgium, a school mostly unavailable to Congolese. To do this, De Craemer tutored him in Latin, Greek, and Flemish so he could take the Jury Central entrance exam. Lihau passed the test with a high score and was admitted to the university.[3] Since it was his goal to study law (not permitted to Congolese students at the time), De Craemer and several sympathetic Jesuit educators arranged for Lihau to take the necessary classes under the cover of studying Roman philology.[4] He also studied economics and philosophy.[1] For the duration of his studies he stayed with the family of a former director of Léopoldville Radio, Karel Theunissen.[5] Lihau served as president of the small Congolese-Ruanda-Urundi students' union in Belgium, Association Générale des Étudiants Congolais en Belgique[c] (AGEC).[1][6]
In 1958 a conference of Belgian missionaries was held to discuss expanding tertiary education in the Congo. As an invited speaker, Lihau encouraged Belgian clergy to join the side of Congolese activists and abandon what he referred to as an attitude of "clerical paternalism".[7] In 1962, after spending time in the Congo, Lihau returned to Louvain to complete his studies.[1] That year restrictions on Congolese education were loosened and Lihau became a Doctor of Philosophy law student.[8] By the following January he had become one of the first Congolese to receive a law degree,[d] earning it with distinction.[4][11]
Career and political activities[edit]
Early activities[edit]
On the eve of the Belgo-Congolese Round Table Conference in Brussels in January 1960, Lihau advised the Congolese political delegations to form a "Front Commun".[e][1] They did, and the decision significantly strengthened their bargaining position with the Belgian government.[12] Lihau attended the political portion of the conference as an observer on behalf of the AGEC.[1] While there, he presented two papers compiled by the AGEC. The first, entitled "The Congo Before Independence", led the president of the conference to create one commission to discuss the future of the Congo's political institutions and another to address the upcoming elections. The second paper, entitled "The Internal Political Organisation of the Congo", compared the merits of Federalism and Unitarianism and proposed that the Congolese adopt one system or the other to ensure the future integrity of their country.[13] Before the conference dissolved, the Front Commun accepted the offer of the independence of the "Republic of the Congo" on 30 June 1960.[14] In April and May, Lihau participated in the conference that addressed the Congo's planned economic transition.[1]
Justice and judicial work
Shortly after independence, a widespread mutiny in the army and the secession of several provinces resulted in a domestic crisis.[8] In August Lihau met with a UN official in New York who encouraged him to disseminate support of a reconciliation between the central government and the authorities of the rebellious "State of Katanga".[15] President Joseph Kasa-Vubu fired Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba in September 1960 but the latter refused to leave his post, creating a political impasse. In response, Colonel Joseph-Desiré Mobutu launched a coup and replaced the parliamentary system with a "College of Commissioners", a government made up of university students and graduates. Lihau was appointed Commissioner-General of Justice.[8][f] After the College was dissolved in February Lihau served as the Secretary of State for Justice in Prime Minister Joseph Iléo's government.[19][g] During this time he frequently worked with Belgian advisers.[21]
Lihau traveled to Katanga in November 1960 to negotiate with the rebellious province's leaders.[1] He assisted in organising and subsequently took part in the Léopoldville Conference in January 1961 to discuss political compromise and reform.[22] He also participated in the Tananarive Conference in March and the following Coquilhatville Conference in April on behalf of Iléo to try and bring about a reconciliation among the dissident factions in the Congo. As result of the latter conference, Iléo created a commission to prepare a new constitution for the Congo and appointed Lihau to chair it.[1] Lihau played a key role in the drafting process from that point forward.[11] In June he joined Cyrille Adoula and Jean Bolikango in negotiating with the representatives of the Stanleyville government. Their meetings continued into July and resulted in the reconvening of Parliament and the Stanleyville government agreeing to disband.[23] In January 1963 Lihau was hired to be professor and dean of the faculty of law at the University of Lovanium (later the National University of Zaire).[8] He encouraged his students to adopt a constitutionalist approach to law.[24]
On 27 November 1963 President Kasa-Vubu announced the formation of a new "Constitutional Commission".[25] The commission convened on 10 January 1964 in Luluabourg, with Lihau serving as its secretary. A draft was completed by 11 April, but its presentation to the public was delayed as Kasa-Vubu's government and the commission debated over which faction held the prerogative to make revisions. Kasa-Vubu eventually yielded and the constitution was submitted for ratification to the Congolese electorate at the end of June. The "Luluabourg Constitution", as it was known, was adopted with 80 percent approval.[26] On 26 July Lihau was made a member of the Congolese section of the International Commission of Jurists.[27] In 1965 another period of government paralysis led Mobutu to seize total control of the country. He requested that Lihau draft a new constitution, which was adopted on 24 June 1967.[28]
On 14 August 1968 Lihau was named First President of the new Supreme Court of Justice of the Congo.[29] He was officially installed in the position on 23 November.[30] In his inaugural speech, Lihau requested "the scrupulous respect of all the authorities of the Republic the status of the magistracy guaranteeing independence in the exercise of its functions."[31] Two years later he became editor of the new law journal La Revue Congolaise de Droit and also served as general delegate to the Office Nationale de la Recherche et du Developpement[h] for its judicial, political, and social research division.[32] Marcel Lihau soon adopted the name Ebua Libana la Molengo Lihau, as per the encouraged Africanisation in accordance with Mobutu's policy of Authenticité.[33] As a judge, he believed that the term "law" applied "not only to legislative acts, but also to regulatory acts which are at least not illegal, as well as international treaties and ratified agreements".[34] In 1971 Lihau was inducted into the executive committee of the state-sanctioned party, Mouvement Populaire de la Révolution[i] (MPR). Three years later he was made a commissioner of its political bureau.[28] That year a new constitution was promulgated that concentrated the government's authority in Mobutu as President. Lihau supported the independence of the judiciary and, despite Mobutu's centralisation, interpreted the document as only veiling such autonomy, not eliminating it. He explained that the constitution's references to the "Judicial Council" (a section of the MPR) in place of the previous term "Judicial Power" were, though obfuscating, done only for political reasons and signified no real change.[35] He surmised, "[T]he attributions of courts and tribunals have remained the same as in the past, even if the spirit in which they declare the law will necessarily be different." However, this interpretation ran contrary to Mobutu's ideals.[36] In June 1975 Lihau refused to enforce a harsh sentence levied against student protesters.[24] He was subsequently dismissed from the Supreme Court,[j] removed from his teaching position, and placed under house arrest.[28]
Opposition to Mobutu[edit]
In 1980, 13 members of Parliament published a letter criticising Mobutu's regime and were arrested for "aggravated treason". Lihau testified on their behalf during the ensuing trial.[37]Two years later he joined them in founding the Union pour la Démocratie et le Progrès Social[k] (UDPS) as an opposition party to Mobutu; Lihau soon became the new party's president.[8] Mobutu was particularly disturbed by Lihau's membership in the party since, as a native of Équateur Province, he added to the geographic diversity of the organisation and therefore its political clout.[38] In retaliation, Mobutu incarcerated him, suspended his rights, confiscated his personal property, and eventually banished him to the village of Yamake in Équateur Province.[8][28] In August 1983 Lihau joined several of his colleagues in attempting to gatecrash a meeting between government officials and United States congressmen at the Hotel InterContinental in Kinshasa while wearing Western suits and ties (then banned by Mobutu). A violent struggle between the UDPS members and Mobutu's security police ensued in full view of the American delegation and received a great amount of media attention in the United States.[38]
By 1985 Lihau's health had deteriorated and he attempted to seek political asylum abroad. After his application to Belgian authorities was refused,[38] he was granted political asylum in the United States. He moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts,[39] and became a professor of constitutional law at Harvard University.[8] Meanwhile in the Congo Mobutu was persecuting UDPS leadership, making it nearly impossible for Party President Étienne Tshisekedi to participate in political activities. In early 1988 a dozen party executives traveled to Boston and convinced Lihau to assume the presidency of the UDPS.[40][41] The following year Lihau founded a political conference with the goal of democratising the Congo.[39]
In April 1990 Mobutu announced he would accommodate multi-party politics. Lihau, who was at the time presiding over a meeting of exiled politicians in Brussels, demanded that before opposition elements return to the country Mobutu's government guarantee the tolerance of a genuine multi-party system, agree to organise a round table conference for political reconciliation, and begin disbanding state security forces.[42] On 22 May he visited the United States Department of State in Washington D.C..[43] Lihau returned to the Congo[38] and became one of four directors of the UDPS under a reformed leadership model.[41] He joined the UDPS in endorsing the formation of a "Conference Nationale Souveraine"[l] to discuss political reform in the country. One soon convened, but Lihau protested the large number of delegates summoned by Mobutu to participate, accusing him of trying to stack the representation in his own favor.[44] Throughout the conference's existence Lihau chaired its constitutional commission.[45] At one point during the conference, he denounced the perceived Baluba dominance of the UDPS and joined the Alliance des Bangala (ALIBA), a party with financial support from Mobutu that promoted politicians from Équateur.[46] Eventually the constitutional commission produced a draft recommendation of a federal system that was intended to maintain the national integrity of the Congo while respecting its diversity.[45] The conference disbanded in December 1992 having greatly reinvigorated democratic thought in the country but ultimately failing to enact significant institutional change.[47] Lihau went back to the United States to receive medical treatment.[1]
In June 1993 Lihau delivered a speech on television and radio, denouncing the Kasaian ethnic dominance of the UDPS and Tshisekedi's leadership. The UDPS then labeled him a "traitor" for his association with ALIBA and announced that it interpreted his statements as a resignation from the party. Kasaians close to Tshisekedi were incensed by Lihau's comments and considered assassinating him and fixing blame on Mobutu and Prime Minister Faustin Birindwa.[48]
Lihau married future politician Sophie Kanza on 26 December 1964. They had six daughters: Elisabeth, Anne, Irene, Catherine, Rachel and Sophie.[2] The couple separated in the late 1970s[1] and Lihau saw little of his family during his years in the United States.[39] In Lihau's later life a young politician named Jean-Pierre Kalokola claimed to be his illegitimate son. In response, Lihau successfully filed a lawsuit against him. After Lihau's death, Kalokola legally adopted the name. Lihau's daughters denounced the action as a ploy by Kalokola to further his own political career.[49]
Lihau died on 9 April 1999 in Boston, seven days after the death of his wife in Kinshasa. He was initially buried in a Boston cemetery before his body was exhumed and entombed in Gombe, Kinshasa, on 12 May.[8][50] Lihau's family never requested that an autopsy be performed on the corpse. In 2001 Kalokola, ostensibly on behalf of the Lihau family, filed a complaint against unknown persons with the Attorney General of Kinshasa, claiming that Lihau had been murdered. He based his assertion on a strange visit that Lihau supposedly had with someone the day after the death of his wife and on unusual signs that were observed on Lihau's body when it was brought to Kinshasa.[50]
John Dickie and Alan Rake described Lihau as "reserved and rather uncommunicative" but in possession of an "excellent legal mind".[30] According to diplomat Jean-Claude N. Mbwankiem, he was "one of the best constitutionalists that the [Congo] has ever known".[51] In 2009 a ceremony was held in memory of Lihau in Kinshasa during which a courtroom was dedicated in his name.[52]Three of Lihau's and Kanza's daughters organised a mass of thanksgiving in their parents' honor in Gombe on 28 March 2015. Several prominent politicians attended the ceremony, including Léon Kengo wa Dondo and José Endundo Bononge.[53]
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Anna Marie Wooldridge (August 6, 1930 – August 14, 2010), known by her stage name Abbey Lincoln, was an African-American jazz vocalist, songwriter, and actress, who wrote and performed her own compositions. She was a civil rights advocate and activist from the 1960s on.[1][2] Lincoln made a career not only out of delivering deeply felt presentations of standards but writing and singing her own material as well.
Musician[edit]
Born in Chicago but raised in Calvin Center, Cass County, Michigan, Lincoln was one of many singers influenced by Billie Holiday. She often visited the Blue Note jazz club in New York City.[3] Her debut album, Abbey Lincoln's Affair – A Story of a Girl in Love, was followed by a series of albums for Riverside Records. In 1960 she sang on Max Roach's landmark civil rights-themed recording, We Insist! Lincoln’s lyrics were often connected to the civil rights movement in America.[4]
During the 1980s, Lincoln’s creative output was smaller and she released only a few albums during that decade. Her song "For All We Know" is featured in the 1989 film Drugstore Cowboy. During the 1990s and until her death, however, she fulfilled a 10-album contract with Verve Records. After a tour of Africa in the mid-1970s, she adopted the name Aminata Moseka.[5]
These albums are highly regarded and represent a crowning achievement in Lincoln’s career. Devil’s Got Your Tongue (1992) featured Rodney Kendrick, Grady Tate, Yoron Israel, J. J. Johnson, Stanley Turrentine, Babatunde Olatunji and The Staple Singers, among others.[6] In 2003, Lincoln received a National Endowment for the Arts Jazz Master Award.[7]
Her lyrics often reflected the ideals of the civil rights movement and helped in generating passion for the cause in the minds of her listeners. In addition to her musical career, she ventured into acting as well and appeared in movies such as The Girl Can’t Help It and Gentleman Prefer Blondes. She explored more philosophical themes during the later years of her songwriting career and remained professionally active until well into her seventies.[8]
In 1956 Lincoln appeared in The Girl Can’t Help It, for which she wore a dress that had been worn by Marilyn Monroe in Gentleman Prefer Blondes(1953), and interpreted the theme song, working with Benny Carter.[9]
With Ivan Dixon, she co-starred in Nothing But a Man (1964), an independent film written and directed by Michael Roemer. In 1968 she also co-starred with Sidney Poitier and Beau Bridges in For Love of Ivy,[9] and received a 1969 Golden Globe nomination for her appearance in the film.
Television appearances began in 1968 with The Name of the Game. In March 1969 for WGBH-TV Boston, in one of a 10-episode series of individual dramas written, produced and performed by blacks, "On Being Black," was her work in Alice Childress's Wine in the Wilderness.[10] She later appeared in Mission: Impossible (1971), the telemovie Short Walk to Daylight (1972),[11] Marcus Welby, M.D. (1974), and All in the Family (1978).
In the 1990 Spike Lee movie Mo’ Better Blues, Abbey Lincoln played the young Bleek's mother, Lillian.[12]
Personal life[edit]
Lincoln was married from 1962 to 1970 to drummer Max Roach, whose daughter from a previous marriage, Maxine, appeared on several of Lincoln’s albums.
Lincoln died on August 14, 2010 in Manhattan, eight days after her 80th birthday.[6] Her death was announced by her brother, David Wooldridge, who told The New York Times that she had died in a Manhattan nursing home after suffering deteriorating health ever since undergoing open-heart surgery in 2007. No cause of death was officially given. She was cremated and her ashes were scattered.[13]
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Patricia Joyce Lindop FRCP (21 June 1930 – 1 February 2018) was British professor of radiation biology at the University of London and the organiser of at least 100 "Pugwash" meetings at which scientists met to discuss their campaign for nuclear disarmament.
Early life and family[edit]
Patricia Lindop was born on 21 June 1930, the second child of Elliot D. Lindop and Dorothy Jones.[2] Her father was an engineer who had worked for Shell in India and later owned his own fuel distribution business.[3] She was educated at Malvern Girls' College in Worcestershire and it was there that she met her future husband, Gerald Paton Rivett Esdale (died 1992), who was a pupil at the neighbouring boys' college.[1] They married in 1957 and had one son and one daughter.[2]
Career[edit]
Lindop was one of the first women to win a place to study medicine at St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College which had resisted accepting female students until forced to change its policy by the University of London. She received a first class degree. By 1954 she was working as a general practitioner and beginning to develop an interest in the effects of radiation on the human body. She started to work with the Polish physicist, and later Nobel Prize winner (1995), Joseph Rotblat at the University of London and they conducted experiments using thousands of mice to determine the effect of radiation on living organisms.[1][4] Together they published 40 papers on the subject.[1]
Later, Lindop became professor of radiation biology at St Bartholomew's but not before facing opposition to the appointment of a woman to the post.[1][5]
Lindop organised at least 100 "Pugwash" conferences with Rotblat, who had worked on the Manhattan Project to develop nuclear weapons during the Second World War but became vehemently opposed to them after seeing their effects on Japan.[1][6] The Pugwash movement was a group of scientists who campaigned for nuclear disarmament and Lindop often held meetings of Pugwashites, as they are known, at her home in Hampstead, London.[1]
She was elected a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 1977 (member, 1956).[2] She was chairman of Thames Liquid Fuels (Holdings) Limited from 1992.[2]
Later life[edit]
Lindop suffered a stroke at the age of 50 that restricted her movement and ability to speak, effectively ending her academic career. A more severe stroke in 1993 left her confined to a wheelchair and unable to move her mouth. She died on 1 February 2018.[1]
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David Lister (18 April 1930 – 13 February 2013) was the world's leading origami historian.[1] He was a founding member of the British Origami Society. He wrote its constitution and served as its first president.
Personal life[edit]
Born in Grimsby, Lincolnshire, Lister was educated at a state school in Grimsby before earning a degree in history at Downing College, Cambridge. He then worked as a solicitor in Grimsby. Lister had three children and six grandchildren.
Origami[edit]
Lister was interested in Origami since he was young, but took it up in earnest in 1955 after seeing Robert Harbin on television in the children’s show Mr Left and Mr Right. He corresponded with Lillian Oppenheimer and became a member of the Origami Portfolio Society founded in 1965. In 1967 he was an inaugural member of the British Origami Societyand its first president, a position he also held from 1998 to 2002. During his life he built a large library that included 5,000 origami related items. He researched the history of origami and corresponded with most of the founders of modern origami. He became prominent after his retirement when he became increasingly involved in Origami and the British Origami Society. He was considered a world authority on the culture and history of origami, and contributed articles on the history of origami to magazines throughout the world.
He was also interested in string figures, recreational mathematics, heraldry, and Chinese pottery, among other things. The library he put together on his various interests grew to a final size of more than 25,000 books.
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Daniel Muchiwa Lisulo (6 December 1930 – 21 August 2000) was the 3rd Prime Minister of Zambia from June 1978 until February 1981.
Biography[edit]
Born in Mongu, Zambia, Lisulo married Mary Mambo in 1967; she died in 1976, leaving Lisulo with two daughters. Lisulo served as the director of the Bank of Zambia from 1964 to 1977 before becoming Prime Minister. He was a member of Parliament from 1977 to 1983. After this, he went into private law practice. He later joined the National Party, and was the party's interim president at the time of his death in 2000. He died in the Sun Hill Hospital in Johannesburg, South Africa.[1]
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Marion Walter Jacobs (May 1, 1930 – February 15, 1968), known as Little Walter, was an American blues musician, singer, and songwriter, whose revolutionary approach to the harmonica and impact on succeeding generations earned comparisons for him to such seminal artists as Django Reinhardt, Charlie Parker and Jimi Hendrix.[1] His virtuosity and musical innovations fundamentally altered many listeners' expectations of what was possible on blues harmonica.[2] He was inducted into The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2008 in the category Sideman,[3][4] the only artist to be inducted specifically as a harmonica player.
Contents
Biography[edit]
Early years[edit]
Jacobs' date of birth is usually given as May 1, 1930, in Marksville, Louisiana.[1] He was born without a birth certificate and when he applied for a Social Security card in 1940, his birthdate was listed as May 1, 1923 (over the years he often gave different years, but May 1 was constant).[1] He was raised in Rapides Parish, Louisiana, where he learned to play the harmonica. He quit school and by the age of 12 had left rural Louisiana and travelled, working odd jobs and busking on the streets of New Orleans; Memphis; Helena and West Helena, Arkansas; and St. Louis. He honed his musical skills on harmonica and guitar performing with older bluesmen, including Sonny Boy Williamson II, Sunnyland Slim, Honeyboy Edwards and others.
Arriving in Chicago in 1945, he occasionally found work as a guitarist but garnered more attention for his already highly developed harmonica playing. According to Chicago bluesman Floyd Jones, Little Walter's first recording was an unreleased demo recorded soon after he arrived in Chicago, on which Walter played guitar backing Jones.[5] Jacobs, reportedly frustrated with having his harmonica drowned out by electric guitars, adopted a simple but previously little-used method: He cupped a small microphone in his hands along with his harmonica and plugged the microphone into a public address system or guitar amplifier. He could thus compete with any guitarist's volume. However, unlike other contemporary blues harp players, such as Sonny Boy Williamson I and Snooky Pryor, who like many other harmonica players had also begun using the newly available amplifier technology around the same time solely for added volume, Little Walter purposely pushed his amplifiers beyond their intended technical limitations , using the amplification to explore and develop radical new timbres and sonic effects previously unheard from a harmonica or any other instrument.[1] In a short biographical note on Little Walter, Madison Deniro wrote that he was "the first musician of any kind to purposely use electronic distortion."[6]
Success[edit]
Jacobs made his first released recordings in 1947 for Bernard Abrams' tiny Ora-Nelle label, which operated out of the back room of Abrams' Maxwell Radio and Records store in the heart of the Maxwell Street district in Chicago.[7] These and several other of his early recordings, like many blues harp recordings of the era, owed a strong stylistic debt to the pioneering blues harmonica player Sonny Boy Williamson I (John Lee Williamson). Little Walter joined Muddy Waters's band in 1948, and by 1950 he was playing acoustic (unamplified) harmonica on Waters's recordings for Chess Records. The first appearance on record of Little Walter's amplified harmonica was on Waters's "Country Boy" (Chess 1952), recorded on July 11, 1951. For years after his departure from Waters's band in 1952, Chess continued to hire him to play on Waters's recording sessions, and as a result his harmonica is featured on most of Waters's classic recordings from the 1950s.[8] As a guitarist, Little Walter recorded three songs for the small Parkway label with Waters and Baby Face Leroy Foster (reissued on CD by Delmark Records as "The Blues World of Little Walter" in 1993) and on a session for Chess backing pianist Eddie Ware. His guitar playing was also featured occasionally on early Chess sessions with Waters and Jimmy Rogers.[1]
Jacobs had put his career as a bandleader on hold when he joined Waters's band, but he stepped out front again when he recorded as a bandleader for Chess's subsidiary label Checker Records on May 12, 1952. The first completed take of the first song attempted at his debut session became his first hit, spending eight weeks in the number-one position on the Billboard R&B chart. The song was "Juke", and it is still the only harmonica instrumental ever to be a number-one hit on the BillboardR&B chart. The original title of the track file was "Your Cat Will Play", but was renamed at Leonard Chess' suggestion. (Three other harmonica instrumentals by Little Walter also reached the Billboard R&B top 10: "Off the Wall" reached number eight, "Roller Coaster" reached number six, and "Sad Hours" reached number two while "Juke" was still on the charts.) "Juke" was the biggest hit to date for any artist on Chess and its affiliated labels and one of the biggest national R&B hits of 1952, securing Walter's position on the Chess artist roster for the next decade.[1]
Jacobs had fourteen top-ten hits on the Billboard R&B charts between 1952 and 1958, including two number-one hits (the second being "My Babe"[9] in 1955), a level of commercial success never achieved by Waters or by his fellow Chess blues artists Howlin' Wolf and Sonny Boy Williamson II. Following the pattern of "Juke", most of Little Walter's singles released in the 1950s featured a vocal performance on one side and a harmonica instrumental on the other. Many of Walter's vocal numbers were written by him or Chess A&R man Willie Dixon or adapted from earlier blues themes. In general, his sound was more modern and up-tempo than the popular Chicago blues of the day, with a jazzier conception and rhythmically less rigid approach than that of other contemporary blues harmonica players.[1]
Jacobs left Waters's band in 1952 and recruited his own backing band, the Aces, a group that was already working steadily in Chicago backing Junior Wells. The Aces—the brothers David and Louis Myers on guitars and Fred Below on drums—were credited as the Jukes on most of the Little Walter records on which they played. By 1955 the members of the Aces had each separately left Little Walter to pursue other opportunities and were initially replaced by the guitarists Robert "Junior" Lockwoodand Luther Tucker and drummer Odie Payne. Among others who worked in Little Walter's recording and touring bands in the 1950s were the guitarists Jimmie Lee Robinson and Freddie Robinson, and drummer George Hunter. Little Walter also occasionally included saxophone players in his touring bands during this period, among them the young Albert Ayler, and Ray Charles on one early tour. By the late 1950s, Little Walter no longer employed a regular full-time band, instead hiring various players as needed from the large pool of blues musicians in Chicago.[1]
Jacobs often played the harmonica on records by others in the Chess stable of artists, including Jimmy Rogers, John Brim, Rocky Fuller, Memphis Minnie, the Coronets, Johnny Shines, Floyd Jones, Bo Diddley, and Shel Silverstein. He also played on recordings for other labels, backing Otis Rush, Johnny Young, and Robert Nighthawk.[1]
Jacobs suffered from alcoholism and had a notoriously short temper, which in late 1950s led to violent altercations, minor scrapes with the law, and increasingly irresponsible behavior. This led to a decline in his fame and fortunes, beginning in the late 1950s. Nonetheless he toured Europe twice, in 1964 and 1967 (the long-circulated story that he toured the United Kingdom with the Rolling Stones in 1964 has been refuted by Keith Richards). The 1967 European tour, as part of the American Folk Blues Festival, resulted in the only known film footage of Little Walter performing. Footage of Little Walter backing Hound Dog Taylor and Koko Taylorwas shown on a television program in Copenhagen, Denmark, on October 11, 1967 was released on DVD in 2004. Further video of another recently discovered TV appearance in Germany during this same tour, showing Jacobs performing his songs "My Babe", "Mean Old World", and others, was released on DVD in Europe in January 2009; it is the only known footage of him singing. Other TV appearances in the UK (in 1964) and the Netherlands (in 1967) have been documented, but no footage of these has yet been uncovered. Jacobs recorded and toured infrequently in the 1960s, playing mainly in and around Chicago.[1]
In 1967 Chess released a studio album, Super Blues, featuring Little Walter, Bo Diddley, and Muddy Waters.[1]
Death[edit]
A few months after returning from his second European tour, he was involved in a fight while taking a break from a performance at a nightclub on the South Side of Chicago. He sustained minor injuries in this altercation, but they aggravated the damage he had suffered in previous violent encounters, and he died in his sleep at the apartment of a girlfriend, at 209 East 54th Street in Chicago early the following morning.[1][10] The official cause of death stated on his death certificate was coronary thrombosis (a blood clot in the heart); evidence of external injuries was so insignificant that the police reported that his death was due to "unknown or natural causes",[10] and no external injuries were noted on the death certificate.[1] His body was buried at St. Mary's Cemetery, in Evergreen Park, Illinois, on February 22, 1968.[10] His grave remained unmarked until 1991, when fans Scott Dirks and Eomot Rasun had a marker designed and installed.[11]
Legacy[edit]
The music journalist Bill Dahl described Little Walter as "king of all post-war blues harpists", who "took the humble mouth organ in dazzling amplified directions that were unimaginable prior to his ascendancy."[2] His legacy has been enormous: he is widely credited by blues historians as the artist primarily responsible for establishing the standard vocabulary for modern blues and blues rock harmonica players.[1][2] Biographer Tony Glover notes Little Walter directly influenced Junior Wells, James Cotton, George "Harmonica" Smith, and Carey Bell.[1] He includes Jerry Portnoy, Rick Estrin of Little Charlie & the Nightcats, Kim Wilson, and Rod Piazza among those who later studied his technique and helped popularize it with younger players.[1]
Little Walter's daughter, Marion Diaz Reacco, has established the Little Walter Foundation in Chicago, to preserve the legacy and genius of Little Walter. The foundation aims to create programs for the creative arts, including music, animation and video.
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Herbert A. Littleton (July 1, 1930 – April 22, 1951) was a United States Marine who posthumously received the Medal of Honor for falling on a grenade during the Korean War.
Biography[edit]
Littleton, known as "Hal" to his family, was born on July 1, 1930, in Mena, Arkansas. His family then lived in Black Hawk, South Dakota. He attended high school in Sturgis, South Dakota, where he played basketball and football. He was employed by Electrical Appliance Corporation, Rapid City, South Dakota, before enlisting in the Marine Corps Reserve on July 29, 1948, for a one-year term. After his service, he moved to Nampa, Idaho, with his family in 1950 and worked as a lineman for Mountain States Telephone & Telegraph.[1]
After the outbreak of the Korean War, Littleton reenlisted in the Marine Corps.[1] Following recruit training in San Diego, California, he trained at Camp Pendleton and went to Korea with the 3rd Replacement Draft, fighting in South and Central Korean operations from December 17, 1950 until his death.
Littleton earned the nation's highest award for valor on April 22, 1951, at Chungehon, when he smothered an enemy grenade with his body.[2] Littleton was the 16th Marine to receive the Medal of Honor in Korea.
In December 2009, the post office in Nampa, Idaho, was renamed in his honor.[1]
Decorations[edit]
In addition to the Medal of Honor, PFC Littleton was awarded the Purple Heart; Korean Service Medal with three bronze stars; the United Nations Service Medal and the National Defense medal.
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| Medal of Honor | ||||
| Purple Heart | Korean Service Medal with three bronze stars | United Nations Service Medal | National Defense Medal | qualification badges rifle sharpshooter rifle expert |
Medal of Honor citation[edit]
PRIVATE FIRST CLASS HERBERT A. LITTLETON
UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS RESERVE
UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS RESERVE
The President of the United States of America, in the name of Congress, takes pride in presenting the Medal of Honor (Posthumously) to Private First Class Herbert A Littleton (MCSN: 1084704),United States Marine Corps Reserve, For service set forth in the following citation: for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty on 22 April 1951, while serving as a radio operator with an artillery forward observation team of Company C, First Battalion, Seventh Marines, FIRST Marine Division (Reinforced), in action against enemy aggressor forces near Chungchon, Korea. Standing watch when a well-concealed and numerically superior enemy force launched a violent night attack from nearby positions against his company, Private First Class Littleton quickly alerted the forward observation team and immediately moved into an advantageous position to assist in calling down artillery fire on the hostile force. When an enemy hand grenade was thrown into his vantage point shortly after the arrival of the remainder of the team, he unhesitatingly hurled himself on the deadly missile, absorbing its full, shattering impact in his body. By his prompt action and heroic spirit of self-sacrifice, he saved the other members of his team from serious injury or death and enabled them to carry on the vital mission which culminated in the repulse of the hostile attack. His indomitable valor in the face of almost certain death reflects the highest credit upon Private First Class Littleton and the United States Naval Service. He gallantly gave his life for his country. : [2]
***********************************************************************************************************************Donald Cuthbert Locke (17 September 1930 – 6 December 2010) was a Guyanese artist who created drawings, paintings and sculptures in a variety of media. He studied in the United Kingdom, and worked in Guyana and the United Kingdom before moving to the United States in 1979. He spent his last twenty years, perhaps the most productive and innovative period of his life, in Atlanta, Georgia.[1] His eldest son is British sculptor Hew Locke.
***********************************************************************************************************************Donald Cuthbert Locke (17 September 1930 – 6 December 2010) was a Guyanese artist who created drawings, paintings and sculptures in a variety of media. He studied in the United Kingdom, and worked in Guyana and the United Kingdom before moving to the United States in 1979. He spent his last twenty years, perhaps the most productive and innovative period of his life, in Atlanta, Georgia.[1] His eldest son is British sculptor Hew Locke.
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Biography[edit]
Birth and early education[edit]
Donald Locke was born on 17 September 1930 in Stewartville, Demerara County, Guyana.[2] His father, also Donald Locke, was a skilled carpenter who made furniture and his mother, Ivy Mae (née Harper ), was a primary school teacher. The family moved to Georgetown in 1938, where Locke attended the Bourda Roman Catholic School and then the Smith's Church Congregational School.[3] He went on to the Progressive High School, graduating in 1946. He was accepted as a student at the Broad Street Government School, where he became increasingly interested in drawing.[4]
In 1947 Locke attended a Working People's Art Class (WPAC) taught in Georgetown by the local artist Edward Rupert Burrowes. This inspired him to take up painting.[2] Burrowes has often been called the "father of Guyanese art". Writing about Burrowes in the 1966 Guyana Independence Issue of New World, Locke describes how he was constantly engaged in "technical exploration", including making his own paints from unlikely ingredients and conducting experiments "with balata, buckram, tailor's canvas, rice bags, bitumen, concrete and ... clay mixed with molasses."[5]
In 1950 Locke graduated with a Teacher's Certificate. Locke became a regular contributor to the annual WPAC exhibitions, and for a while was secretary of WPAC, helping to organise exhibitions in different locations. In 1952 WPAC gave him the First Prize Gold Medal Award for his abstract painting The Happy Family.[2] He was given a British Council art scholarship in 1954, the last such scholarship to be awarded in Guyana in this period, with which he was able to study ceramics at the Bath School of Art and Design at Corsham, England.[6] The Guyana Department of Education provided an additional scholarship that funded his third year at Corsham.[4] He was taught painting by William Scott and Bryan Wynter, pottery by James Tower and sculpture by Ken Armitage and Bernard Meadows. He graduated in 1957 with a Teaching Certificate in Art Education.[3]
Guyana and United Kingdom[edit]
Returning to Georgetown in 1957, Locke began teaching art at Dolphin Government School and at WPAC. In 1958 he married Leila Locke (née) Chaplin, a teacher whom he had met at Corsham.[7] He did not have normal potter's equipment, but was able to make and successfully fire large earthenware pots using an improvised kiln. In 1959 the Guyanese government gave him a grant to study for a master's degree in fine arts at Edinburgh College of Art, a school in the University of Edinburgh. There he met the artists Dave Cohen, Sheldon Kaganof and Dion Myers, who introduced the ideas of the California Clay Movement to Britain. For many years his work reflected their influence.[4]
In 1962 Locke obtained a grant from Edinburgh University to go to Florence and Ravenna, where he undertook historical research He completed his graduate thesis in 1964 and returned to Georgetown to take a position as Art Master at Queen's College.[4] He taught at Queen's College from 1964 until 1970.[8] He began painting due to lack of facilities for pottery. In 1969 he obtained a British Council bursary that let him take leave from Queen's College and return to the Edinburgh College of Art for research in ceramic techniques . In 1970, after a trip to Brazil sponsored by the Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, he resigned from Queen's College and moved to London, where he obtained work teaching ceramics. His work began to incorporate materials such as metal, wood, leather, fur and ceramics.[4] He gained a growing recognition for his ceramic work, and in 1972 was invited to exhibit at the Victoria and Albert Museum in the International Exhibition of Ceramics.[9]
United States[edit]
Locke visited the United States for the first time in 1976, as guest artist at Haystack Mountain School of Crafts in Montville, Maine.[4] In 1979 he was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in Sculpture, and for a year was an artist in residence at Arizona State University.[10] His first of many bronze sculptures were cast by the Arizona Bronze Foundry in 1980. He divorced Leila in the late 1970s,[11] and obtained permanent residency status in the United States. He married Art Consultant Brenda Stephenson in 1981. In 1983 he moved to Phoenix, Arizona.[4] Locke lived in the southwest of the United States for eleven years. During this period he was the Arizona correspondent for Artspace magazine, for which he wrote a series of articles. He also wrote for the Phoenix New Times and for Arts Magazine.[2]
In 1989 he temporarily abandoned sculpture in favour of painting, and the next year moved to Atlanta, Georgia.[2] His paintings combined heavy paint, photographs , cloth, wood, metal and found objects mounted on canvas. In 1992, with a five-year grant for a studio at the Nexus Contemporary Art Center, he returned to sculpture.[4]Locke taught part-time at Georgia State University and at the Atlanta College of Art, retiring from teaching in 1996.[12] He continued to write about art. Thus a review by Locke of the Okiek Portraits exhibition of photographs of Okiek people in traditional dress appeared in Creative Loafing of November 1997.[13] He contributed a weekly review to this paper for three years.[2] He lived in Atlanta for the remainder of his life, with growing recognition from exhibitions of his work in the USA and Europe.[10]
Locke was an outgoing person, with a generous character. He enjoyed entertaining people at dinners where he did all the cooking. He loved to talk about art, and was an interesting and engaging speaker.[1] He has been called "a larger-than-life personality and a wonderful storyteller, as influential in his conversation as he was with his art."[14] Donald Locke died at home in Atlanta on 6 December 2010.[15] He was survived by three children from his marriage with the artist Leila Locke: Corinne, Jonathan and Hew.[16] Hew Locke, born in Edinburgh, is also a well-known artist.[17]
Work[edit]
Locke's work was highly varied. Marianne Lambert, an Atlanta curator and art patron, said, "His expressiveness ran the gamut from frenzied drawings to the spare, clean lines of his sculptures." According to Carl Hazlewood of Newark, associate editor at NKA, a Journal of Contemporary African Art, "Donald's art grew out of sophisticated European traditions acquired during his studies in Guyana and Great Britain, but it also was infused with the myths and poetic aspects of his Guyana homeland and its folklore." A prolific artist throughout his life, Locke in his earlier modernist work was influenced by other schools. He came into his own as a unique individual in Atlanta under the influence of local folk artists such as Thornton Dial.[14]
Talking of the influence of the open savannah landscape of Guyana on Locke's early work, one writer said Locke was "concerned with the question of space as it confronts the artist: what to do with nothingness; how to lead the eye of the viewer into a vast expanse through the narrow frame of a single painting."[18] In the United Kingdom his best known work may be the paintings and sculptures in The Plantation Series, described as "forms held in strict lines and grids, connected as if with chains or a series of bars, analogous he has said, to the system whereby one group of people are kept in economic and political subjugation by another."[19] A reviewer commenting on his work Trophies of Empire 1, 1972–1974 said it "comprise[s] robust disconnected forms that eerily echo the cultures and geographies he had experienced. Heavy metal vessels, solid wood forms and found objects are placed together creating awkward human effigies or challenging abstract assemblages. Their loaded erotic and sometimes violent symbolism bring to mind mournful memories from the past and issues related to slavery, identity and sovereignty. His are sombre images of the Black Atlantic world that Locke straddled so boldly."[10]
Exhibitions[edit]
Locke was Guyana's representative at the 12th São Paulo Art Biennial in 1971.[20] Locke exhibited his Two Sculptures from a Ritual Fertility Suite in Hungary in 1975 at the International Biennale of Sculpture. In 1976 he had his own show at the Roundhouse in London, and in 1977 his work was displayed in Nigeria at the FESTACExhibition. His Trophies of Empire was first displayed at the Afro-Caribbean Art Exhibition in 1978, and was shown again in The Other Story at the Hayward Gallery in 1989.[21] Locke's work and that of other Caribbean artists such as Aubrey Williams and Ronald Moody was featured in the influential 1989 show The Other Story at the Hayward Gallery in London, which helped increase public awareness of the quality of work of artists from the region.[22] The paintings of Sonia Boyce were also shown in this exhibition. The critic Brian Sewell said that Locke's sculptures in The Other Story showed exquisite mastery and extraordinary ingenuity.[23]
Locke went to Ecuador in 1994, where his work was shown in the exhibition Current Identities at the Cuenca Bienal of Painting, along with the work of other artists including Whitfield Lovell, Philemona Williamson, Emilio Cruz and Freddy Rodríguez.[24] A 2002 exhibition at the Solomon Projects gallery in Atlanta featured rough wax sculptures that represented the sacred symbols of his Guyanese creole heritage.[25] In 2009 an exhibition of about fifty of his recent sculptures and paintings named Pork Knocker Dreams was staged in England. "Porkknocker" is the name given to gold prospectors in Guyana: Locke's father had prospected as a young man.[20]
Locke exhibited in many other group and solo shows including São Paulo, Brazil; Medellín, Colombia; Budapest, Hungary; Faenza, Italy; Victoria and Albert Museumand Whitechapel Gallery in London, United Kingdom; Nottingham, United Kingdom; Aljira Center for Contemporary Art in Newark, New Jersey; Nexus Biennial and the Master Artist Series, Atlanta, Georgia; Studio Museum in Harlem, New York. His gallery shows included Nexus and City Gallery East in Atlanta and the Museum of Contemporary Art, Tucson, Arizona.[19]
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Eddie Locke (August 2, 1930 – September 7, 2009) was an American jazz drummer.
Eddie Locke was a part of the fertile and vibrant Detroit jazz scene during the 1940s and 1950s, which brought forth many great musicians including the Jones brothers (Hank, Thad, and Elvin), Kenny Burrell, Lucky Thompson, Tommy Flanagan, Barry Harris, and so many others. He eventually formed a variety act with drummer Oliver Jackson called Bop & Locke which played the Apollo Theater. He moved to New York City in 1954, and worked there with Dick Wellstood, Tony Parenti, Red Allen, Willie "The Lion" Smith, and Teddy Wilson amongst others. During this time he came under the tutelage of the great Jo Jones, and eventually became known as a driving and swinging drummer who kept solid time and supported the soloist. During the late 1950s he formed two of his most fruitful musical relationships, one with Roy Eldridge, and the other with Coleman Hawkins. His recording debut came with Eldridge in 1959 on "On The Town". He later became a member of the Coleman Hawkins Quartet in the 1960s along with pianist Tommy Flanagan and bassist Major Holley. That group made many fine records including the exquisite album "Today and Now", in 1963. Throughout the 1970s, he played with Roy Eldridge at Jimmy Ryan's in Manhattan, and wound out his career freelancing, as well as teaching youngsters at the Trevor Day School on Manhattan's upper west side.
Eddie died on Monday morning, September 7, 2009, in Ramsey, New Jersey.[1]
Locke appears in the photograph A Great Day in Harlem- first row standing, third from the left. (not including the leg sticking into the frame)
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Salvatore "Robert" Loggia (January 3, 1930 – December 4, 2015) was an American actor and director. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for Jagged Edge (1985) and won the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor for Big (1988).
In a career spanning over sixty years, Loggia performed in notable films such as The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965), Revenge of the Pink Panther (1978), An Officer and a Gentleman (1982), Scarface (1983), Prizzi's Honor (1985), Oliver & Company (1988), Innocent Blood (1992), Independence Day (1996), Lost Highway (1997), Return to Me (2000), and Tim and Eric's Billion Dollar Movie (2012). He also made prominent appearances on television series such as the Walt Disney limited series, "The Nine Lives of Elfego Baca" (starring role-1958),[2] Mancuso, FBI (in which he starred-1989–1990), Malcolm in the Middle (2001), The Sopranos (2004), Men of a Certain Age (2011), and was the star of the groundbreaking 1966-67 NBC martial arts / action series, T.H.E. Cat.[3][4][5][6]
Salvatore Loggia (Italian pronunciation: [<salvaˈtoːre ˈlɔddʒa]), an Italian American, was born in Staten Island, New York on January 3, 1930, to Biagio Loggia, a shoemaker born in Palma di Montechiaro, Agrigento, Sicily, and Elena Blandino, a homemaker born in Vittoria, Ragusa, Sicily.[1][7][8] He grew up in the Little Italy neighborhood, where the family spoke Italian at home. He attended New Dorp High School before going to Wagner College. Later he started courses towards a degree in journalism at the University of Missouri, but later still switched to drama courses with Alvina Krause at Northwestern University.
After serving in the United States Army, he married Marjorie Sloan in 1954 and began a long career at the Actors Studio, studying under Stella Adler.[9]
Although Loggia made his first film in 1956, in an uncredited appearance, it was not until he was cast as a New Mexico lawman Elfego Baca, two years later, that he made a breakthrough in Hollywood. Loggia was a radio and TV anchor on the Southern Command Network in the Panama Canal Zone, and he came to prominence playing a real-life sheriff in Nine Lives of Elfego Baca, a series of Walt Disney TV shows. He later starred as the proverbial cat-burglar-turned-good circus artist Thomas Hewitt Edward Cat in a short-lived detective series called T.H.E. Cat, first broadcast in 1966. At first, T.H.E. Cat appeared to be a success, Loggia said: "We're drawing about a 30 per cent share of the audience, which NBC considers fine for a new show with a new star."[10] After NBC cancelled the series when viewing figures failed to deliver, Loggia went into a mid-life crisis—a "Dante-esque descent into the inferno", as he called it later. For six years his career foundered, and his marriage fell apart. Restless and unnerved, constantly riddled with self-doubt, a chance meeting with Audrey O'Brien was his saving grace. She helped him out of the crisis, and they later married. Despite playing Frank Carver on the CBS soap opera The Secret Storm[11] in 1972, he took a new course when he decided to begin a career in directing.
He also carried on acting and amassed many television credits in a variety of roles, including appearances on Overland Trail, Target: The Corruptors!, The Untouchables, The Eleventh Hour, Breaking Point, Combat!, Custer, Columbo, Ellery Queen, The High Chaparral, Gunsmoke, Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea, The Big Valley, The Wild Wild West, Rawhide, Little House on the Prairie, Starsky and Hutch, Charlie's Angels, Magnum, P.I., Quincy, M.E., Kojak, Hawaii Five-0, The Bionic Woman, Falcon Crest, Frasier, The Sopranos, Monk, and Oliver Stone's miniseries Wild Palms.
The director Blake Edwards often cast Loggia in his films in minor or supporting roles. These included Revenge of the Pink Panther (1978); S.O.B.(1981), which was a satire about Hollywood; and the Pink Panther sequels.
Loggia also acted in several widely acclaimed films such as An Officer and a Gentleman (1982), Scarface (1983), Prizzi's Honor (1985), and Independence Day (1996). Other films starring Loggia include Over The Top (1987), Necessary Roughness (1991), and Return to Me (2000).
Loggia was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal of crusty private detective Sam Ransom in the crime thriller Jagged Edge (1985). He was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series, his first such honor, for portraying FBI agent Nick Mancuso in the TV series Mancuso, FBI (1989–1990), a follow-up to the previous year's miniseries Favorite Son (1988). Loggia appeared as a mobster in multiple films, including Bill Sykes, the immoral loanshark and shipyard agent in Disney's animated film Oliver & Company (1988), Salvatore "The Shark" Macelli in John Landis' Innocent Blood (1992), Mr. Eddy in David Lynch's Lost Highway (1997), and Don Vito Leoni in David Jablin's The Don's Analyst (1997). Additionally, he played violent mobster Feech La Manna in several episodes of The Sopranos.
In 1998, Loggia appeared in a television commercial lampooning obscure celebrity endorsements. In it, a young boy names Loggia as someone he would trust to recommend Minute Maid orange-tangerine blend. Loggia instantly appears and endorses the drink, to which the boy exclaims, "Whoa, Robert Loggia!"[12] The commercial was later referenced in a Malcolm in the Middle episode in which Loggia made a guest appearance as "Grandpa Victor" (for which he received his second Emmy nomination); in it, Loggia drinks some orange juice, then spits it out and complains about the pulp.
In addition to voicing Sykes in Disney's Oliver & Company, Loggia had several other voice acting roles, in multiple media, including: Admiral Petrarch in the computer game FreeSpace 2 (1999), the narrator of the Scarface: The World is Yours (2006) game adaptation and the anime movie The Dog of Flanders (1997), crooked cop Ray Machowski in the video game Grand Theft Auto III (2001), and a recurring role on the Adult Swim animated TV comedy series Tom Goes to the Mayor (2004–2006).[13]
In August 2009, Loggia appeared in one of Apple's Get a Mac advertisements. The advertisement features Loggia as a personal trainer hired by PC to get him back on top of his game.[citation needed] On October 26, 2009, TVGuide.com announced Loggia had joined the cast of the TNT series Men of a Certain Age.[14]
In 2012, Loggia portrayed Saint Peter during his final imprisonment in The Apostle Peter and the Last Supper. Loggia partnered with Canadian entrepreneur Frank D'Angelo from 2013, appearing in three films (Real Gangsters, The Big Fat Stone, and No Depo$it), with a fourth film in production (Sicilian Vampire) at the time of Loggia's death.[citation needed]
Loggia reprised his role from Independence Day, General William Grey, in a cameo appearance alongside his wife, Audrey, in the 2016 sequel Independence Day: Resurgence, filmed shortly before his death. The film was released posthumously and dedicated to him.
Loggia was married to Marjorie Sloan from 1954 to 1981, with whom he had three children. Loggia and Sloan were divorced in 1981.[1]
In 1982, Loggia married Audrey O'Brien, a business executive and the mother of his stepdaughter Cynthia Marlette. Loggia and O'Brien remained married until his death in 2015.[1]
n 2010, Loggia was awarded the Ellis Island Medal of Honor in recognition of his humanitarian efforts.[17]
On December 17, 2011, Loggia was honored by his alma mater, the University of Missouri, with an honorary degree for his career and his humanitarian efforts.[18]
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Biography[edit]
As a teenager, Luis López Alvarez had Narciso Alonso Cortés (1875–1972) as a teacher.
He particularly belongs to the poets of the generation of the 50s. With his third book of poems, Las Querencias (1969) he presented a total of thirty-seven impeccable classical sonnets which he completed years later in the collection of 113 sonnets that make Querencias y quereres (2001). Meanwhile, with his romance Los Comuneros, he achieved great fame and recognition. He further innovated in his trilogy of poems Cárcava (1974), Tránsito (1979), and Pálpito (1990).
Luis López Álvarez received a bachelor's degree in Political Science (1957) from Sciences Po, in addition to a master's degree in Sociology of art (1970) and a PhD in Latin American Studies summa cum laude (1985) from the University of Paris III- Sorbonne. For thirteen years he worked in the service of the French radio and television broadcasting, first in Paris and later in Brazzaville (Republic of the Congo). His cultural commitment to the Congo led him to found and direct the Institute of Congolese Studies, a commitment which turned into political activism alongside Patrice Lumumba, future Prime Minister, who renewed many years later as an adviser of the first President of the Democratic Republic of Congo, Laurent Kabila.
Starting in 1968 he worked for UNESCO as an international functionary of the United Nations and held various positions in Paris, Havana, and Caracas: Service Chief of Radio and Television in the Spanish Language, Regional Adviser of Culture in Latin America and the Caribbean, Regional Director for the same region, Ombudsman in the Parisian headquarters and Coordinator, from Caracas, of the activities of the same organization in the region of Latin America and the Caribbean.
After his return to Spain in 1985, he settled in Segovia where he coordinated the International Programs at the Complutense University of Madrid. In 1993, he returned to Latin America. First as a professor at the Simon Bolivar University in Caracas, and since 1998 as a professor of literature in the Hispanic Studies departments at the Mayagüez and San Juan campuses of the University of Puerto Rico where he remained until 2013.
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James Loscutoff Jr (February 4, 1930 – December 1, 2015) was a professional basketball player for the NBA's Boston Celtics. A forward, Loscutoff played on seven Celtics championship teams between 1956 and 1964.[1]
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Life and career[edit]
Loscutoff was born in San Francisco, California, the son of Nellie George (Ramzoff)[2] and James Loscutoff. His parents were Russian.[3][4] He starred in basketball at Palo Alto High School, graduating in 1948. Loscutoff then attended Grant Technical College, a two-year college near Sacramento, Californiabefore proceeding to the University of Oregon. In his final season at Oregon, Loscutoff led the team in scoring and rebounding with 19.6 points per game and 17.2 rebounds per game.[5] He still holds the Oregon school record for rebounds in a game with 32.[6]
Standing 6'5", Loscutoff was selected with the third non-territorial pick of the first round in the 1955 NBA draft. He was originally drafted by coach Red Auerbach to provide some much-needed defensive nerve for the Celtics team, which (despite becoming the first team to average 100 points per game in the 1954–55 season) had one of the worst defensive records in the league.
During his rookie year, Loscutoff set a then-record for the Celtics with 26 rebounds in a game.[5] In 1957, he sank the final two free throws of a 125-123 double overtime victory over the St. Louis Hawks that gave the Celtics their first NBA championship.[6] In nine seasons, from 1955 to 1964, he played forward and won seven championships as part of the legendary Celtics teams of the 1960s. Loscutoff was described as the Celtics hatchet-man,[7] and his defense and strength were part of the defensive greatness of the 1960s Celtics, alongside Hall-of-Famer Bill Russell.
Loscutoff's nicknames included Jungle Jim and Loscy. The organization wished to honor Loscutoff, but he asked that his jersey number (18) not be retired, so that a future Celtic could wear it. Instead, the Celtics added a banner with his nickname "Loscy" to the retired number banners hanging from the rafters of their arenas. The number was later retired in honor of another Celtic great, Dave Cowens.
Loscutoff lived in Florida and Andover, Massachusetts, where his family owns a day camp for children.[8] His wife was artist Lynn Loscutoff.[9] He died in Naples, Florida on December 1, 2015 from complications of Parkinson's disease and pneumonia.[10][11]
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Sir Frank P. Lowy, AC (born 22 October 1930) is a Czechoslovak-born Australian-Israeli[5][6] businessman and the former long-time Chairman of Westfield Corporation, a global shopping centre company with US$29.3 billion of assets under management in the United States, United Kingdom and Europe. In June 2018 Westfield Corporation was acquired by French company Unibail-Rodamco[7]. He is a former Chairman of Scentre Group, the owner and manager of Westfield-branded shopping centres in Australia and New Zealand.[8][9]
With an assessed net worth of A$8.26 billion in 2017, Lowy is ranked as the fourth richest Australian according to the Financial Review Rich List;[2] having been the richest person in Australia during 2010.[10][11] Forbes Asia magazine assessed Lowy's net worth at US$4.6 billion in January 2014.[4]
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Biography[edit]
Early life[edit]
Lowy was born in Czechoslovakia[6] (in what is now Slovakia), and was forced to live in a ghetto in Hungary during World War II.[12]He made his way to France in 1946, where he boarded the ship Yagur, heading for Mandatory Palestine. However, he was caught en route by the British authorities and interned in a detention camp in Cyprus.[13] Lowy joined the Haganah, and then the Golani Brigade, and fought in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War in the Galilee and Gaza.[14]
Career[edit]
In 1952, Lowy left Israel and joined his family, who had left Europe for Australia and started a business delivering small goods.[15] In 1953, he met fellow immigrant John Saunders.[16] The pair became business partners, eventually creating Westfield Development Corporation through the development of a shopping centre at Blacktown in Sydney's western suburbs.[15] Over the next 30 years, Lowy and Saunders developed shopping centres across Australia and the United States (from 1977);[15] and listed the company on the Australian Stock Exchange in 1960 as Westfield Development Corporation.[15] Saunders sold his interests and left the company in 1987.[citation needed] In the 1990s Lowy took the company to New Zealand, then the United Kingdom in the 2000s.[15]
Lowy was appointed a Director of the Reserve Bank of Australia in 1995, and was reappointed in 2000 and 2003, concluding his term in 2005.[17] In 2008 Lowy and related interests were mentioned in documents stolen from the LGT Bank of Liechtenstein by a former employee. A subsequent US Senate probe and an Australian Taxation Office audit in which Lowy and his sons, David and Steven, were investigated on their involvement with financial institutions in tax havens located in Liechtenstein and Switzerland. Lowy maintained he had not done anything wrong and the matter was settled with the ATO and no action was taken after that.[18][19][20][21]
After turning 80 in October 2010, effective May 2011, Lowy officially stood down as Executive Chairman of the Westfield Group, taking on the role of Non-Executive Chairman. Sons, Steven and Peter, became joint chief executives.[22]
In October 2015, Lowy stepped down as the chairman of the Scentre Group, a role that he had held for 55 years.[23]
Personal life[edit]
Lowy is married to Shirley, whom he met at a Jewish dance when he was 21. He has three sons, Peter and Steven, who manage the Westfield business, and David, who manages the family's private investments.[24] His wife is founder of the Chai Foundation which is dedicated to finding and funding research into effective but less toxic forms of cancer therapy.[25] His son Peter, is chairman of Tribe Media Corp, the parent of the Jewish Journal[26] and served as chairman of the University of Judaism.[27]
In an Australian television production broadcast in 2010, called Family Confidential, it was revealed that Lowy had kept a secret about his survival in Nazi occupied Hungary.[citation needed] As a 13-year-old Jewish boy, Lowy had never known about the loss of his father, Hugo Lowy, who was beaten to death at Auschwitz concentration camp for refusing to leave his Jewish prayer shawl (Talit and Tefilin) behind[24]. As a mark of respect to Hugo Lowy and other Hungarian Jews, Lowy commissioned the restoration of a railway wagon that had transported Hungarian Jews to Auschwitz, and placed the wagon on site at the former concentration camp.[24] In April 2013, Frank Lowy attended the March of the Living, where he shared the story of how his father, Hugo Lowy, perished during the Holocaust, with thousands of young students from around the world who had gathered in Auschwitz-Birkenau to observe Holocaust Remembrance Day (Yom HaShoah).[28][29]
Wealth[edit]
Lowy has appeared on the Financial Review Rich List, formerly the BRW Rich 200 list, every year since it was first published in 1983.[2][30] In 2010, the BRW magazine measured Lowy's wealth at A$5.04 billion, making him Australia's richest person at that time.[10][11] In 2014, his net wealth was assessed at A$7.16 billion by the BRW magazine and US$4.60 billion by the Forbes magazine.[4][31] In 2016 his wealth was assesed as A$8.26 billion on the BRW Rich 200 list;[32] and the same net worth the following year when the list was renamed as the Financial Review Rich List.[2]
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Carlos "Caloy" Loyzaga y Matute (August 29, 1930 – January 27, 2016) was a Filipino basketball player and coach. He was the most dominant basketball player of his era in the Philippines and is considered as the greatest Filipino basketball player of all time. Loyzaga was a two-time Olympian (1952, 1956), as a member of the Philippines men's national basketball team.
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Early life and education[edit]
Loyzaga was born in Manila, Philippines on August 29, 1930 to a Basque family. He was the fourth child of Joaquin Loyzaga Sr.and Carmen Matute. He survived the second world war with his mother, sister and two brothers. He studied at the Padre Burgos Elementary School in Santa Mesa, Manila and National University for high school until 1948.
Basketball career[edit]
Loyzaga learned to play basketball in the neighborhood TERVALAC (Teresa Valenzuela Athletic Club) basketball courts in Teresa Street, Santa Mesa, Manila. It was in the very same TERVALAC court where he was discovered by Gabby Fajardo, one of the Philippines' leading coaches of the time. Fajardo saw promise in Loyzaga and offered to train Loyzaga for his junior PRATRA (Philippine Relief and Trade Rehabilitation Administration) team. In 1949, Loyzaga quit high school to play for PRATRA, winning the MICAA junior crown that year.[1]
San Beda Red Lions[edit]
Loyzaga wanted to enroll at Letran, but backed out at the last minute when the coach gave him a cold shoulder. He was about to enroll at the University of Santo Tomas, but this also did not materialize after Fely Fajardo (older brother of Gabby), coach of the San Beda Red Lions, recruited him. In the NCAA cage wars for the coveted Zamora Trophy in the 1950s, San Beda lost its title bid when Loyzaga did not see action due to scholastic reasons.
During the spirited rivalry between the San Beda Red Lions and the Ateneo Blue Eagles, the sports moderator of San Beda discovered that, under the NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association) rules, Loyzaga had one year of eligibility left. He was allowed to play for that one year specifically for the Red Lions to capture the Zamora Cup, the prize for the team that had three NCAA championships. The only eligible teams were San Beda (Champions, 1951 and 1952) and Ateneo de Manila (Champions 1953, 1954). Loyzaga successfully helped San Beda clinch the Zamora Trophy. Following San Beda's triple championships (1951, 1952 and 1955), the Zamora Trophy was retired. That moment in time earned Loyzaga the legendary title of "The Big Difference".[2][3]
YCO Painters[edit]
Loyzaga joined the fabled YCO Painters in 1954 after powering PRATRA, and its successor team, PRISCO (Price Stabilization Corporation), to the National Open championship in 1950 and 1953, respectively. He helped the Painters achieve a 49-game winning streak from 1954 to 1956, including several MICAA titles and ten straight National Open titles. Loyzaga took over as the Painter’s head coach after retiring in 1964.[4][5]
Philippine Men's Basketball Team[edit]
Loyzaga was a two-time Olympian - 1952 (9th place) and 1956 (7th place) - as a member of the Philippines men's national basketball team. He helped the Philippines become one of the best in the world at the time, winning four consecutive Asian Games gold medals (1951, 1954, 1958, 1962) and two consecutive FIBA Asia Championships (1960, 1963). His finest moment was at the 1954 FIBA World Championship where he led the Philippines to a Bronze finish. It was the best finish by an Asian country and the Philippines have remained the only Asian medalist in the tournament. He finished as one of the tournament’s leading scorer with a 16.4 points-per-game average and was named in the tournament's All-Star selection.[2][6][7]
Coaching career[edit]
Loyzaga started as player-coach for YCO during the early 1960s. After retiring as a player in 1964, he became the head coach of YCO and the Manila Bank Golden Bankers in the MICAA; and the UST men's basketball team in the UAAP. He coached the Philippine men's basketball team that won the 1967 ABC Championship (now known as the FIBA Asia Championship). In the Philippine Basketball Association, he coached U/Tex (1975-1976) and Tanduay (1977-1979).[4]
Personal life[edit]
Loyzaga was married to Vicky Cuerva on 21 May 1957; the couple's children include basketball players Chito and Joey, Princess, and actresses Bing and Teresa.[8][9][10] He was the grandfather of Diego Loyzaga.[11]
Loyzaga died on January 27, 2016 at the Cardinal Santos Medical Center in San Juan, Metro Manila.[8] He suffered a stroke in Australia in 2011 before returning to the Philippines in 2013.[12][13][14]
As a posthumous commemoration, the San Beda College officially retired the #14 jersey used by Loyzaga during the opening ceremonies of the NCAA Season 92 basketball tournament on June 25, 2016 at the Mall of Asia Arena.[15] Members of the Loyzaga family attended the jersey retirement ceremony.[16]
Achievements[edit]
As player:
NCAA
MICAA
|
Philippine men’s basketball team
|
As head coach:
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Honors[edit]
- Philippine National Basketball Hall of Fame (1999)[4]
- Philippine Sportswriters Association Athletes of the 20th Century award (2000)
- Philippine Olympic Committee Presidential Olympism Award (2016)[17]
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Andre Cavaro Lucas (October 2, 1930 – July 23, 1970) was killed in action while serving as the commanding officer, 2nd Battalion, 506th Infantry, 101st Airborne Division, United States Army, at Fire Support Base Ripcord in Thua Thien Province, South Vietnam.
He was born in Washington D.C, and originally enlisted in the 26th Infantry Regiment in 1948.[1] He graduated from the United States Military Academy, class of 1954, and received the Medal of Honor posthumously for extraordinary heroism during the last 23 days of his life.
Medal of Honor citation[edit]
Rank and organization: Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Army, 2d Battalion, 506th Infantry, 101st Airborne Division. place and date: Fire Support Base Ripcord, Republic of Vietnam, 1 to July 23, 1970. Entered service at: West point, N.Y. Born: October 2, 1930, Washington D.C.
Citation:
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Victor Lundin (June 15, 1930 – June 29, 2013) was an American character actor who is best remembered as appearing in the 1964 science fiction film Robinson Crusoe on Mars as the character Friday and for having later portrayed the first Klingon seen on screen in the Star Trek television franchise. He also appeared in films directed by Robert Wise and George Stevens, as well as in other television series such as Batman and The Time Tunnel.
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Early life[edit]
Lundin was born in Chicago, Illinois, on Dec 8, 1929.[1] His father was from a German American background, and his mother was English. He wanted to work in films from a young age, after enjoying watching them at the cinema where his father worked. While attending Lane Technical College Prep High School,[2] Lundin trained as an opera singer and was on the baseball team.[2][3] During this time, he would take on small roles in broadcast radio productions being produced in Chicago, such as Mystery Theater and Captain Midnight.[2] He began to play semi-pro baseball as a pitcher for the Skokie Indians, but an injury to his throwing arm in his second game ended his career.[2]
Lundin began to study music at Roosevelt University, but after a year won a part in the Lyric Opera of Chicago's performance of Don Giovanni, which created an opportunity for him to study abroad in Italy. But he turned this down, instead opting to move to California to pursue his acting dream.[2] He went on to attend Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles,[3] where he graduated with a B.A. in Communications Arts and Literature.[1] He began to find work in Hollywood, not as an actor but as a singer. He appeared on the variety show Hootenanny as a folk musician and made 24 appearances on The Red Rowe Show in this same capacity. He recorded a handful of songs, later explaining, "We had a couple turntable hits, but the distribution was poor. They didn't get enough going in sales to do an album".[2]
Acting career[edit]
While pursuing his acting career, Lundin also worked as a salesman and a food distributor. He became known for his portrayal of tough men on screen, as well as Native Americans. By Lundin's own estimation, he made more than a 100 different film and television appearances from the late 1950s to the late 1960s.[2] These included such roles as Machine Gun Kelly in the 1960s film Ma Barker's Killer Brood. During the early 1960s, he worked with two Academy Award winning directors, Robert Wise and George Stevens. With Wise, he appeared in the director's 1962 film Two for the Seesaw, and in Stevens' The Greatest Story Ever Told in 1965. Lundin also appeared in a number of other films around this same period, including Promises! Promises! (1963) and Beau Geste (1966). In 1964, he also starred in one of the lead roles in Robinson Crusoe on Mars as Friday.[3] During this period, he also worked as a singing coach, working with Lucille Ball for a period, but he said "I couldn't teach her anything. She was such a heavy smoker; she was like a basso profundo".[2]
Lundin appeared in several 1960's science fiction and superhero television series, such as Batman as one of the Penguin's henchmen, and as Chief Standing Pat in separate episodes. In 1967, he appeared in the Star Trek: The Original Series episode "Errand of Mercy",[3] the first time that the Klingons made an appearance in the Star Trek franchise. Lundin portrayed the Klingon Lieutenant, and became the first Klingon to be seen on screen by virtue of walking into frame moments before John Colicos' Kor.[4] Lundin had previously auditioned for the role of Spock, which wound up going to Leonard Nimoy instead.[2] He also appeared in other series such as The Time Tunnel and later in his career in Babylon 5.[4] He was a regular at science fiction conventions, and continued to sing professionally, including making an appearance on a cruise in the early 2000s.[2]
Personal life and death[edit]
Lundin married Christa Friedlander in 1961 and had three children; two sons and a daughter.[1] The marriage ended in 1972 and he retained custody of their 3 children. He raised his three children alone and later met Amelia Pryharski with whom he would spend the last 20 years of his life. He was involved with charities, including the Child Welfare League of America.[2] Lundin died following a lengthy illness on July 02, 2013, despite twice in this article the date of his death being given as June 29. [3] in Thousand Oaks, California.[1]
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Sihung Lung (Chinese: 郎雄; pinyin: Láng Xíong; Wade–Giles: Lang Hsiung; c. 1930 – May 2, 2002) was a Taiwanese movie and TV actor. He appeared in over 100 films and TV series throughout his career and was best known for playing paternal roles in films such as Eat Drink Man Woman and The Wedding Banquet. He frequently collaborated with award-winning director Ang Lee.
Life and career[edit]
Lung enlisted in Chiang Kai-shek's army as a teenager to fight the Chinese Communist Party. After they seized control of mainland China, he escaped to Taiwan, where he was selected to join an army-sponsored acting troupe. Acting later became his career. His experience playing an array of roles for the army troupe later led his being cast in over 100 Chinese-language films and in Taiwanese soap operas, typically playing criminals or tough guys.[1]
He had already retired from films when Ang Lee began casting for his first full-length film, 1992's Pushing Hands, and the director, who recalled watching Mr. Lung as a child, asked him to play a father in the film.[2] Lung's sensitive portrayal of an elderly man faced with change turned him into an international star and he became famous for playing fathers struggling with modernity and adult children in the movies known to some fans as the "Father Knows Best" trilogy.[3]
Death[edit]
By the time he appeared as "Sir Te", guardian of a mystical sword in Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, Lung's health had deteriorated due to diabetes. He died of liver failure in 2002 at the age of 72.[4]
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Calvin Charles Luther (born October 23, 1930[1]) is a retired American basketball coach. He was men's head coach at DePauw, Murray State, Longwood, UT Martin, and Bethel College. He was also head coach of the Egyptian national basketball team.[2]
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Early life[edit]
Born in Valdosta, Georgia,[3] Luther was an All-state football and basketball player at Bay View High School in Milwaukee.[4][5] He played college basketball at Valparaiso from 1949-1951. He spent two years as a member of the 82nd Airborne Division and was a member of Fort Benning's basketball and championship-winning football teams.[6]
Luther's coaching career began at the University of Illinois, where he spent three seasons as the freshman basketball while obtaining his master's degree.[7]
DePauw[edit]
Luther became DePauw University's head coach in 1954. In his first season as head coach, he coached DePauw to a rare tie against Wabash. DePauw defeated Wabash 67-66, however the coaches of both teams decided the game should be recorded as a tie due to a scorers error.[8] In four seasons with the Tigers, Luther had a 45-40-1 record; including the 1956-57 ICC Championship and a berth in the inaugural NCAA College Division Tourney.[9] He coached two of DePauw's 1,000 point scorers (#6 Bob Schrier - 1,415 and #22 John Bunnell 1,004)
Murray State[edit]
In 1958, Luther became Murray State's seventh head basketball coach. In his sixteen seasons at MSU, Luther's Racers had a 241-134 record and made the NCAA tournament twice.[10] He was also Murray State's Athletic Director.[11] In 1971, the Minnesota Golden Gophers hired Luther to coach the men's basketball team, but he changed his mind and turned the team down after accepting the position.[12] Luther was named OVC Coach of the Year in 1964 and 1969.
Longwood[edit]
Luther spent nine seasons as the head coach of Division II Longwood University, where he was selected Mason-Dixon Conference and Kodak Division II South District coach of the year in 1988. One of his players, Jerome Kersey, would be drafted in the second round of the 1984 NBA Draft. His overall record at Longwood was 136–105.[13]
Egypt[edit]
Luther was the coach of the Egyptian national basketball team in 1990. Egypt finished 16th out of 16 teams in the 1990 FIBA World Championship.
Tennessee-Martin[edit]
Luther coached Tennessee-Martin from 1990-1999. There he compiled a 72-163 record. His 319 total victories while a coach in the OVC ranks first all-time in league history. Luther was named OVC Coach of the Year in 1996, making him the only coach to win Coach of the Year honors at two different OVC institutions.[14] After leaving UT Martin, Luther spent one season as the coach of Bethel College before retiring.
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Richard Lynn (born 20 February 1930)[1] is an English psychologist and author. He is a former professor emeritus of psychology at the University of Ulster, having had the title withdrawn by the university in 2018,[2] and assistant editor of the journal Mankind Quarterly,[3]which has been described as a "white supremacist journal".[4] Lynn studies intelligence and is known for his belief in racial differences in intelligence.[5][6] Lynn was educated at King's College, Cambridge in England. He has worked as lecturer in psychology at the University of Exeter and as professor of psychology at the Economic and Social Research Institute, Dublin, and at the University of Ulster at Coleraine. He has written or co-written 11 books and more than 200 journal articles spanning five decades. Two of his recent books are on dysgenics and eugenics.
Lynn's research on racial and national differences in intelligence is controversial. In the late 1970s, Lynn wrote that he found that Northeast Asians have a higher average intelligence quotient (IQ) than Europeans and Europeans have a higher average IQ than Sub-Saharan Africans. In 1990, he proposed that the Flynn effect – the gradual increase in IQ scores observed around the world since the 1930s – could possibly be explained by improved nutrition. In two books co-written with Tatu Vanhanen, Lynn and Vanhanen argued that differences in developmental indexes among various nations are partially caused by the average IQ of their citizens. However, Earl Hunt and Werner Wittmann (2006) questioned the validity of their research methods and the highly inconsistent quality of the available data points that Lynn and Vanhanen used in their analysis.[7] Lynn has also argued that the high fertility rate among individuals of low IQ constitutes a major threat to Western civilization, as he believes people with low IQ scores will eventually outnumber high-IQ individuals. He has argued in favor of political measures to prevent this, including anti-immigration and eugenics policies, provoking heavy criticism internationally.[8][9][10] Lynn's work was among the main sources cited in the book The Bell Curve and he was one of 52 scientists who signed an opinion piece in the Wall Street Journal entitled "Mainstream Science on Intelligence",[11] which endorsed a number of the views presented in the book. Lynn was the first to propose the "cold winters theory" of the evolution of human intelligence, which postulates that intelligence evolved to greater degrees as an evolutionary adaptation to colder environments.[12]
Lynn sits on the editorial boards of the journals Intelligence,[13] Personality and Individual Differences,[14] and Mankind Quarterly.[15][16]Critics have called Mankind Quarterly a "cornerstone of the scientific racism establishment" and a "white supremacist journal."[17] He is also on the board of the Pioneer Fund, which funds Mankind Quarterly, and has also been described as racist in nature.[15][16] A number of scientists, including Leon Kamin, have criticised Lynn's work on racial and national demography and intelligence for lacking scientific rigour and for promoting a racialist political agenda.[8][10][18][19][20][21] A number of scholars and intellectuals have said that Lynn is associated with a network of academics and organizations that promote scientific racism.[22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]
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Early life and career[edit]
Lynn is the son of Sydney Cross Harland (1891–1982), a botanist and Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS), known for his work on cotton genetics. He was raised in Bristol by his mother and did not meet his father, who lived and worked in Trinidad and Peru, during his childhood and adolescence.[31]
Lynn was educated at Bristol Grammar School and University of Cambridge in England.[32] He has worked as lecturer in psychology at the University of Exeter, and as professor of psychology at the Economic and Social Research Institute, Dublin, and at Ulster University.[31]
In 1974, Lynn published a positive review of Raymond Cattell's A New Morality from Science: Beyondism, in which he expressed the opinion that "incompetent societies have to be allowed to go to the wall" and that "the foreign aid which we give to the under-developed world is a mistake, akin to keeping going incompetent species like the dinosaurs which are not fit for the competitive struggle for existence."[33] In recent years, Lynn has cited the work of Cattell and Cyril Burt as important influences on his own thought.[34]
Publication on secular increases in IQ[edit]
Lynn's 1983 article in Nature played some part in bringing the phenomenon of massive score gains on standardized intelligence tests over time to widespread attention.[35] This phenomenon was called the "Flynn effect" in Richard Herrstein and Charles Murray's book The Bell Curve published in 1994.[36] The term "Flynn effect" is now standard in the psychological literature to refer to secular increases in IQ.[37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45] Some authors refer to the phenomenon under the name "Lynn–Flynn effect".[46][47][48]
Race and national differences in intelligence[edit]
In the late 1970s, Lynn wrote that he found the average IQ of the Japanese to be 106.6, and that of Chinese people living in Singapore to be 110.[49]
Lynn's psychometric studies were cited in the 1994 book The Bell Curve and were criticised as part of the controversy surrounding that book.[50] In his article, "Skin color and intelligence in African Americans," (2002) published in Population and Environment, Lynn concluded that lightness of skin color in African Americans is positively correlated with IQ, which he claims derives from the higher proportion of Caucasian admixture.[51][52] However, Lynn failed to control for childhood environmental factors that are related to intelligence, and his research was criticized by a subsequent article published in the journal by Mark E. Hill. The article concluded that "...[Lynn's] bivariate association disappears once childhood environmental factors are considered."[53] In his response to Hill, Lynn wrote that "The conclusion that there is a true association between skin color and IQ is consistent with the hypothesis that genetic factors are partly responsible for the black–white difference in intelligence…the evidence that a statistically significant correlation is present confirms the genetic hypothesis".[54] This statement was described by Marcus Feldman as "nonsensical".[55]
Lynn’s work on national IQ differences attracted hostility from mainstream establishment media. Major publishers would not publish them and many major journals would not review them.[49] After quoting Lynn’s work, Nobel Laureate James Watson was forced to retire from Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory in 2007.[49] Lynn's work gradually received more citations, and, according to James Thompson, "Despite all attempts to ignore his findings, Lynn’s dogged accumulation of data made a considerable contribution to understanding human differences.[49]"
In IQ and the Wealth of Nations (2002), Lynn and Vanhanen argued that differences in nations' per capita gross domestic product (GDP) are partially caused by IQ differences, meaning that certain nations are wealthier in part, because their citizens are more intelligent.[56][57] K Richardson wrote in the journal Heredity that "an association between IQ and national wealth is hardly surprising, though its causal direction is the opposite of that assumed by L&V. But I would not take the 'evidence' presented in this book to serve arguments either way."[57] Other economists who reviewed the book also pointed to numerous flaws throughout the study, from unreliable IQ statistics for 81 of the 185 countries used in the analysis,[58] to insecure estimates of the national IQ in the remaining 101 countries in the sample that did not have published IQ data.[59] This was in addition to the highly unreliable GDP estimates for present-day developing countries[57] and the even more unreliable historical data estimating GDP and national IQ dating back to the early 19th century, well before either concept even existed.[57][59] Even the data on the 81 countries where direct evidence of IQ scores were actually available were highly problematic. For example, the data sets containing Surinamese, Ethiopian, and Mexican IQ scores were based on unrepresentative samples of children who had emigrated from their nation of birth to the Netherlands, Israel, and Argentina, respectively.[7] In a book review for the Journal of Economic Literature, economist Thomas Nechyba wrote, "Such sweeping conclusions based on relatively weak statistical evidence and dubious presumptions seem misguided at best and quite dangerous if taken seriously. It is therefore difficult to find much to recommend in this book."[56]
Lynn's 2006 Race Differences in Intelligence[60] is the largest review of the global cognitive ability data. The book organises the data by ten population groups and (in the 2015 edition) covers over 500 published articles.[61]
Lynn's meta-analysis lists the average IQ scores of East Asians (105), Europeans (99), the Inuit (91), Southeast Asians and indigenous peoples of the Americas each (87), Pacific Islanders (85), Middle Easterners (including South Asians and North Africans) (84), East and West Africans (67), Australian Aborigines (62) and Bushmen and Pygmies (54).[62][63][64]
Lynn has previously argued that nutrition is the best-supported environmental explanation for variation in the lower range,[65] and a number of other environmental explanations have been advanced. Ashkenazi Jews average 107–115 in the US and Britain due to their better performance in verbal and reasoning tests even though they performed lower in visual and spatial ability tests, but those in Israel average lower.
Another of Lynn's books is The Global Bell Curve, published in June 2008.[66] In describing the book, Lynn says "it concludes that IQ is a key explanatory variable for the social sciences, analogous to gravity in physics."[67] It was reviewed by J. Philippe Rushton around the time of publication.[68]
In a paper published in 2005 about IQ in Mexico, Lynn reported that Mexicans of European descent had an IQ of 98, Mestizos in Mexico had an IQ of 94 and indigenous peoples of Mexico had an IQ of 83, explaining the lower than expected IQ of Indians on their poor nutrition and other social factors.[69]
In a 2010 paper about IQ in Italy,[70] Lynn contends that IQs are highest in the north (103 in Friuli-Venezia Giulia) and lowest in the south (89 in Sicily) and correlated with average incomes, and with stature, infant mortality, literacy and education. The lack of any actual IQ test data among other methodological issues and Lynn's consequent conclusions were criticised.[71][72]
Other large surveys in Italy have found much smaller differences in educational achievement.[73][74] Moreover, several subsequent studies based on the direct assessment of IQs failed to report significant differences among Italian regions. On the contrary, the results from the Southern half of the country (103) are sometimes higher than those from the North Central regions (100–101).[75][76]
Lynn similarly claims that southern Spaniards have lower IQs than northern Spaniards do, and believes that this is because of Middle Eastern and North African genes in the South. [77]
Sex differences in intelligence[edit]
Lynn's research correlating brain size and reaction time with measured intelligence led him to the problem that men and women have different-sized brains in proportion to their bodies.[31] In 2004, Lynn and Irwing conducted a meta-analysis and reported that an IQ difference of roughly 5 points does appear from age 15 and onward on the progressive matrices.[78]
Despite some criticism,[79] their theory was supported by subsequent research at the time.[80][81][82] However, in the following years, researchers such as Timothy Keith, Johannes Rojahn, and Alan Kaufman found contradictory results in gender IQ differences with Keith even finding an adult female latent advantage in general factors and Kaufman finding no difference in general intelligence.[83] Keith said that the difference in Lynn's findings can be attributed to not using latent factors to measure their meta-analysis of sex differences. Rojahn's study found the discrepancies between the gender development were smaller than predicted by Lynn and in fact were so small that they have little or no practical importance.[83]
Dysgenics and eugenics[edit]
In Dysgenics: Genetic Deterioration in Modern Populations, Lynn reviewed[84] the history of eugenics, from the early writings of Bénédict Morel and Francis Galton through the rise of eugenics in the early 20th century and its subsequent collapse. He identifies three main concerns of eugenicists such as himself: deterioration in health, intelligence and conscientiousness. Lynn asserts that natural selection in pre-industrial societies favoured traits such as intelligence and character but no longer does so in modern societies. He argues that due to the advance of medicine, selection against those with poor genes for health was relaxed.
Lynn examined sibling studies and concluded that the tendency of children with a high number of siblings to be the least intelligent is evidence of dysgenic fertility. He said there has been a genuine increase in phenotypic intelligence, but that this is caused by environmental factors and is masking a decline in genotypic intelligence.
According to Lynn, those with greater educational achievement have fewer children, while children with lower IQs come from larger families,[85] which he viewed as evidence that intelligence and fertility are negatively correlated. Lynn agreed with Lewis Terman's comment in 1922 that "children of successful and cultivated parents test higher than children from wretched and ignorant homes for the simple reason that their heredity is better".[86] Lynn claimed that socio-economic status is positively correlated with indicators of conscientiousness such as work ethic and moral values and negatively with crime. Next the genetic basis of differences in conscientiousness is discussed, and Lynn concludes that twin studies provide evidence of a high heritability for the trait. The less conscientious, such as criminals, have more offspring.
A review of Dysgenics by W. D. Hamilton, Royal Society research professor in evolutionary biology at the University of Oxford, was published posthumously in 2000.[87] Hamilton wrote a lengthy review stating that Lynn, "discussing the large bank of evidence that still accumulates on heritability of aptitudes and differentials of fertility, shows in this book that almost all of the worries of the early eugenicists were well-founded, in spite of the relative paucity of their evidence at the time".
Another review of Dysgenics was written in 2002 by Nicholas Mackintosh, emeritus professor of experimental psychology in the University of Cambridge.[88] Mackintosh wrote that, "with a cavalier disregard for political correctness, he argues that the ideas of the eugenecists were correct and that we ignore them at our peril." While recognising that the book provides a valuable and accurate source of information, he criticised Lynn for "not fully acknowledg[ing] the negative relationship between social class and education on the one hand, and infant mortality and life expectancy on the other." He questioned Lynn's interpretation of data. He also points out that according to Lynn's reading of the theory of natural selection, "if it is true that those with lower IQ and less education are producing more offspring, then they are fitter than those of higher IQ and more education". According to Mackintosh, eugenicist arguments are not based on a "biological imperative, but rather on a particular set of value judgements."
In Eugenics: A Reassessment (2001),[89] Lynn claimed that embryo selection as a form of standard reproductive therapy would raise the average intelligence of the population by 15 IQ points in a single generation (p. 300). If couples produce a hundred embryos, he argues, the range in potential IQ would be around 15 points above and below the parents' IQ. Lynn argues this gain could be repeated each generation, eventually stabilising the population's IQ at a theoretical maximum of around 200 after as little as six or seven generations.
Pioneer Fund[edit]
Lynn currently serves on the board of directors of the Pioneer Fund, and is also on the editorial board of the Pioneer-supported journal Mankind Quarterly, both of which have been the subject of controversy for their dealing with race and intelligence and eugenics, and have been accused of racism, e.g., by Avner Falk and William Tucker.[16][90][91] Lynn's Ulster Institute for Social Research received $609,000 in grants from the Pioneer Fund between 1971 and 1996.[92]
Lynn's 2001 book The Science of Human Diversity: A History of the Pioneer Fund[93] is a history and defence of the fund, in which he argues that, for the last sixty years, it has been "nearly the only non-profit foundation making grants for study and research into individual and group differences and the hereditary basis of human nature ... Over those 60 years, the research funded by Pioneer has helped change the face of social science."
Reception[edit]
Lynn's review work on global racial differences in cognitive ability has been cited for misrepresenting the research of other scientists, and has been criticised for unsystematic methodology and distortion.
David King, the coordinator of the consumer watchdog group Human Genetics Alert, said "we find Richard Lynn's claims that some human beings are inherently superior to others repugnant."[94] Similarly, Gavin Evans wrote in the Guardian that Lynn was one of a number of "flat-earthers" who have claimed that "Africans, or black Americans, or poor people" are less intelligent than Westerners. He further wrote, with regard to Lynn's claims that Africans are less intelligent than Westerners, "What is remarkable in all this is not so much that there are people who believe him - after all, there are still those who insist the Earth is flat - but rather that any creditable institution should take it seriously."[95]
The datum that Lynn and Vanhanen used for the lowest IQ estimate, Equatorial Guinea, was taken from a group of children in a home for the developmentally disabled in Spain.[96]Corrections were applied to adjust for differences in IQ cohorts (the "Flynn" effect) on the assumption that the same correction could be applied internationally, without regard to the cultural or economic development level of the country involved. While there appears to be rather little evidence on cohort effect upon IQ across the developing countries, one study in Kenya (Daley, Whaley, Sigman, Espinosa, & Neumann, 2003) shows a substantially larger cohort effect than is reported for developed countries (p.?)[7]
In a critical review of The Bell Curve, psychologist Leon Kamin faulted Lynn for "disregarding scientific objectivity", "misrepresenting data", and for "racism".[97] Kamin argues that the studies of cognitive ability of Africans in Lynn's meta-analysis cited by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray show strong cultural bias. Kamin also reproached Lynn for concocting IQ values from test scores that have no correlation to IQ.[98] Kamin also notes that Lynn excluded a study that found no difference in White and Black performance, and ignored the results of a study which showed Black scores were higher than White scores.[99]
Journalist Charles Lane criticised Lynn's methodology in his article in The New York Review of Books, "The Tainted Sources of The Bell Curve" (1994).[100] Pioneer Fund president Harry Weyher, Jr. published a response accusing the reviewer of errors and misrepresentation; Lane also replied to this with a rebuttal.[101]
In 2002 an academic dispute arose after Lynn claimed that some races are inherently more psychopathic than others, and other psychologists criticised his data and interpretations.[102] Psychologist Leon Kamin has said that "Lynn's distortions and misrepresentations of the data constitute a truly venomous racism, combined with the scandalous disregard for scientific objectivity".[5]
In 2010, on his 80th birthday, Lynn was celebrated with a special issue of Personality and Individual Differences dedicated to his work that was edited by Danish psychologist Helmuth Nyborg with contributions by Nyborg, J. Philippe Rushton, Satoshi Kanazawa and several others.[103]
In February 2018, the Ulster University students' union issued a motion calling for the university to revoke Lynn's title as emeritus professor. The motion argued that Lynn's title should be revoked because he has made statements that are "racist and sexist in nature".[104] The university agreed to this request in April 2018.[105]
Controversial statements[edit]
Lynn is listed by the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) in their extremist files as a white nationalist.[5] The SPLC has kept a record of Lynn's controversial statements, for example, in a 2011 interview with neo-Nazi Alex Kurtagic, Lynn stated, "I am deeply pessimistic about the future of the European peoples because mass immigration of third world peoples will lead to these becoming majorities in the United States and westernmost Europe during the present century. I think this will mean the destruction of European civilization in these countries."[5] In 1995, Lynn was quoted by the media watchdog group Fairness & Accuracy In Reporting (FAIR) saying, "What is called for here is not genocide, the killing off of the population of incompetent cultures. But we do need to think realistically in terms of the ‘phasing out’ of such peoples...Evolutionary progress means the extinction of the less competent. To think otherwise is mere sentimentality."[106]
FAIR also quoted Lynn as stating:
The SPLC stated that "Since the 1970s, Richard Lynn has been working tirelessly to place race, genes, and IQ at the center of discussions surrounding inequality. Through his own writings and those published by his Ulster Institute for Social Research, in Northern Ireland, Lynn argues that members of different races and nations possess innate differences in intelligence and behavior, and that these are responsible for everything from the incarceration rate of black Americans to the poverty of developing nations. Lynn is also an ethnic nationalist who believes that countries must 'remain racially homogenous' in order to flourish."[5] The center has also stated that "Lynn uses his authority as professor (emeritus) of psychology at the University of Ulster to argue for the genetic inferiority of non-white people."[5]
Lynn is a frequent speaker at conferences hosted by the white nationalist publication American Renaissance.[107][30]
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Oren R. Lyons, Jr. (born 1930) is a Native American Faithkeeper of the Turtle Clan of the Seneca Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy.[1] Once a college lacrosse player, Lyons is now a recognized advocate of indigenous rights.[2]
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Background, education, and athletic career[edit]
Oren Lyons, Jr. was born in 1930 and raised in the culture and practices of the Iroquois on the Seneca and Onondaga reservations in Upstate New York.[2]
Lyons served in the United States Army. He received an athletic scholarships to Syracuse University, where he was awarded the Orange Key for his academic and athletic accomplishments.[3] He graduated from the College of Fine Arts in 1958. A lifelong lacrosse player,[4] Oren was an All-American at Syracuse, where the Syracuse Orange men's lacrosse went undefeated during his graduating year.[2] After graduation, Lyons played for several teams, including the New York Lacrosse Club (1959–1965), the New Jersey Lacrosse Club (1966–1970), and the Onondaga Athletic Club (1970–1972).[2]
Upon leaving Syracuse, Lyons pursued a career in commercial art in New York City, becoming the art and planning director of Norcross Greeting Cards.[5] Outside of work, Lyons exhibited his own paintings during this time[citation needed]. In 1970, Lyons returned to Onondaga to be closer to his cultural heritage[original research?]. In recognition of his contributions over many years as a teacher of undergraduate and graduate students in the University at Buffalo, Dr. Lyons is listed as SUNY Distinguished Service Professor and Professor Emeritus of American Studies in the UB College of Arts and Sciences.[1]
Activism[edit]
In the 1960s, Lyons joined the Red Power movement and joined the Unity Caravan, which traveled through Indian Country to foster dialogue about traditional tribal values. In 1972, he was a leader in the Trail of Broken Treaties, a caravan to Washington DC to convince the Bureau of Indian Affairs to honor its treaties with Native American tribes.[5]
In 1977, Lyons helped create the Traditional Circle of Indian Elders and Youth at a meeting in Montana. Since then, the Circle has gathered annually at a different site in Indian country.[6] In 1977, he also was part of the Haudenosaunee delegation to the first World Conference on Racism.[5]
"At first, I wanted to defend the Iroquois. Then my sights broadened to embrace other Indians. Then I saw this had to include defending indigenous peoples all over the world," Lyons said.[5]
In 1981, he traveled with Stephen Gaskin and Ina May Gaskin to New Zealand to attend festival at Nambassa, where he delivered a number of lectures and workshops. At Nambassa he coordinated with Indigenous Maori land rights activists on questions of indigenous people sharing his Native American experiences [7]
For over fourteen years he has taken part in the meetings in Geneva of Indigenous Peoples of the Human Rights Commission of the United Nations, and helped to establish the Working Group on Indigenous Populations in 1982[citation needed]. He serves on the Executive Committee of the Global Forum of Spiritual and Parliamentary Leaders on Human Survival, and is a principal figure in the Traditional Circle of Indian Elders. He was a negotiator between the governments of Canada, Quebec, New York State and the Mohawks in the Oka crisis during the summer of 1990.[citation needed]
Lyons appeared on a one-hour documentary Faithkeeper, produced and hosted by Bill Moyers[8] and broadcast on PBS, July 3, 1991. He appeared in Leonardo DiCaprio's documentary "The 11th Hour" in 2007.
In 1992 he addressed the General Assembly of the United Nations where he opened the International Year of the World's Indigenous People [9][10]
Recognition[edit]
He has been the recipient of the Ellis Island Medal of Honor, the National Audubon Society's Audubon Medal, the Earth Day International Award of the United Nations, and the Elder and Wiser Award of the Rosa Parks Institute for Human Rights.[1] Lyons serves on the board of the Harvard Project on American Indian Economic Development and is board chairman of Honoring Contributions in the Governance of American Indian Nations.[1]
Lyons is also remembered for his time as a lacrosse player. He is Honorary Chairman of the Iroquois Nationals.[2] In 1989 he was named Man of the Year in Lacrosse by the NCAA.[2]
His legendary performance as goalkeeper for Syracuse University, with Jim Brown on the undefeated 1957 national champion team, led to the induction of Oren R. Lyons, Jr. into the National Lacrosse Hall of Fame in 1992.[12]
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Kent Robert Mackenzie (6 April 1930 – 16 May 1980) was a film director and producer who is mainly remembered for his film The Exiles, which was about Native American young people in Los Angeles.[1] He was also involved with Dimension Films in making educational films such as Can a Parent be Human.[2]
Biography[edit]
Mackenzie was born on April 6, 1930 in Hampstead, England. His mother was English and his father was Dewitt Mackenzie, who was head of the London Bureau of the Associated Press. After finishing school, Kent Mackenzie would enlist in the air force and later end up in Hollywood, where, after gaining a scholarship, he made his first film, Bunker Hill. His next film, The Exiles, was released in 1961.[3][4]
In later years he worked as an editor on television documentaries and medical and industrial films and shorts. During the 1960s and 1970s he taught certain aspects of film making to high school classes.[5] He also directed some films for Dimension Films.[6]
Since the mid 1970s he had been suffering from seizures.[7] He died on 16 May 1980 in Marin County, California as a result of his medication and related complications.[5]
Films[edit]
The Exiles[edit]
The setting for The Exiles was in Bunker Hill.[8] This was the second time Mackenzie had used the Hill in a film. The first instance was in 1956, when he made a film about the displacement of pensioners being moved because of high rise buildings being built in their area.[9] The Exiles was an independent film[10] and took three-and-a-half years to make and had its share of issues. During the course of the film some of the cast were imprisoned and therefore never appeared in later scenes. He also lost two of his cameramen.[5] The film is about Native Americans who move from the reservation to the city and some of the issues they encounter.[11] Christina Rose of the Indian Country Today Media Network said in an article that it gave an accurate portrayal of urban natives and it was the first film to do so.[12]
Other[edit]
Prior to making The Exiles, Mackenzie made Bunker Hill in 1956. He was still a student at USC at the time. The film was centered on elderly pensioners and their community and the displacement they experienced because of a high rise office block that was to be built there.[13][14]
In 1965, he produced and directed The Teenage Revolution, which featured Barry Brown in an early role and was narrated by Van Heflin. It looked at six teenagers and their society and culture, as well as their current lives while speculating about their futures.[15][16]
He directed and produced Saturday Morning, a film about teenagers, which was released in 1971 through Dimension Films, of which Gary Goldsmith was chief and producer.[17][7] It was a non-fiction film that involved a group of twenty teenagers being filmed over a period of a week.[18]
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Antony Morgan "Tony" Madigan (4 February 1930 – 29 October 2017)[1] was an Australian boxer and rugby player. He competed in boxing at the 1952, 1956 and 1960 Olympics and finished in fifth, fifth and third place, respectively. In 1960 Madigan lost his semifinal to Muhammad Ali.[2] He also won medals at three Commonwealth Games in the light-heavyweight division – a silver in 1954and gold in 1958 and 1962.[3]
Tony was the 2010 Inductee for the Australian National Boxing Hall of Fame Veterans category.
Biography[edit]
Madigan's father Kendall Morgan Madigan (1908-1938) was a doctor and mother Elsie Maud Loydstrom (1911-1983) was a dentist.[4]He has a younger brother Mark.[4] His father died in 1938 as a result of cancer.[4] Madigan grew up in Bathurst and Maitland before his mother moved to Sydney to work as a dentist.[4][5]
Madigan attended Waverley College in Sydney where he took boxing lessons with Australian champion Hughie Dwyer and sparred with leading professional boxers.[6][5] In the 1950s, he spent time in the United States being coached by leading trainer Cus D'Amato.[5] After returning to Australia, he sold EH Holdens with rugby league player Rex Mossop.[5]
On 17 January 1955, Madigan suffered serious injuries in a car crash in Bavaria, West Germany. His 23 year old passenger Helen Stokes-Smith was killed when on an icy road Madigan lost control when trying to avoid a parked truck.[4]
Madigan married a German psychotherapist, Sybille, in November 1960 and their son Kendall Morgan Madigan was born in August 1961.[4]
In the mid-1960s, Madigan sold property investments and had a successful modeling career in London.[5] He then moved to New York City and commenced modeling with Howard Zieff, a renowned photographer.[4]
Rugby union[edit]
Madigan played rugby union for Randwick Rugby Club (14 first-grade matches, two tries, 1950) and Eastern Suburbs Rugby Club(1951, 1957 and 1963).[4][5] Outside Australia, he played Harlequins Rugby (1953) in London and Westchester Rugby Club (1960-1962) in New York.[4] In 1960, he represented the United States Eastern Rugby Union against Quebec Province in Montreal.[7] Madigan generally played as a flyhalf for the Westchester Rugby Club but did play breakaway against Quebec Province in Montreal in the 1962 representative game.[4]
