Tuesday, August 14, 2018

1930 Births: Part Four

Sultan Mahmud Al-Muktafi Billah Shah Al-Haj ibni Almarhum Sultan Ismail Nasiruddin Shah Al-Haj (29 April 1930 – 14 May 1998) was the 16th Sultan of Terengganu from 21 September 1979 to 14 May 1998.

Life[edit]

Sultan Mahmud was born on 29 April 1930 in Kuala Terengganu. He was married to Sharifah Nong Fatima As-Saggoff binti Sayyid Abdullah As-Saggoff and Tengku Ampuan Bariah binti Almarhum Sultan Sir Hisamuddin Alam Shah, sister of late Sultan Selangor, Almarhum Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah in 1951. He was a cousin to the late Almarhum Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah of Selangor.
Twenty eight years later, his father Sultan Ismail Nasiruddin Shah died in 1979. He was installed as the Sultan of Terengganu in 1981 and Tengku Ampuan Bariah became Tengku Ampuan Besar of Terengganu.
Sultan Mahmud was the colonel for the Royal Armoured Corps (KAD) from 1979 until 1998.
He was a close friend of his advisor Tan Sri Wan Mokhtar Ahmad, the former Menteri Besar (chief minister) of Terengganu from 1974 to 1999. His main goal was to make Terengganu a developed state. Major state projects and developments under his reign including Petronas Petroleum Complex in Kerteh, Sultan Ismail Power Station at Paka the largest power station in Malaysia, Kenyir Dam, Sultan Mahmud Bridge, the bridge linking Kuala Terengganu to Pulau Duyong and Kuala Nerus, Wisma Darul Iman and Tengku Tengah Zaharah Mosque (Floating Mosque).
He performed the hajj pilgrimage with his cousin Almarhum Sultan Salahuddin of Selangor in 1984.

Hobbies[edit]

His favorite hobby was playing golf and photographers. He had taken pictures at every place of interest in the state include the Hotel Primula, Wisma Darul Iman, Istana Maziah, Tengku Tengah Zaharah Mosque (Floating Mosque), Abidin Mosque, Rantau Abang, and many more.

Death[edit]

On 14 May 1998, he died in Mount Elizabeth Hospital, Singapore and was replaced by his son Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin. His body was laid to rest in the new Royal Mausoleum near Al-Muktafi Billah Shah Mosque in Kuala Terengganu. He was the first sultan of Terengganu to be buried here.

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Abdullah Totong Mahmud (generally abbreviated A. T. Mahmud; 3 February 1930 – 6 July 2010) was a renowned Indonesiancomposer of children's songs. Born in Palembang, South Sumatra, he taught as a teacher in Riau and Jakarta prior to beginning work as a composer. During his career, he wrote some 500 songs and served as a presenter on two television shows for nearly twenty years; his productiveness earned him numerous awards, including the 2003 AMI Lifetime Achievement Award. He died of lung disease in Jakarta.

Biography[edit]

Mahmud was born in Palembang, South Sumatra on 3 February 1930.[1] His father, Masagus Mahmud, was a government official and his mother's name was Masayu Aisyah. Mahmud had 9 siblings—four older and five younger.[2][3] As a child, Mahmud was interested in singing and dancing. He began formally studying music at the age of 11, after meeting then-14-year-old musician Ishak Mahmuddin. He later studied at the Jakarta Teacher's Training Institute.[2]
Mahmud started his working life as a teacher in Tanjung Pinang, Riau. He later received a government scholarship to study English in Sydney, Australia. After finishing his studies in Australia, he moved to Jakarta and became a teacher at the School for Kindergarten Teachers.[1] It was while teaching at the School for Kindergarten Teachers that Mahmud began to write songs, upon the request of his students. One of his first songs, "Cicak di Dinding" ("Lizard on the Wall"), was taught to kindergarten students throughout Jakarta by teachers that he had trained.[2]
During his songwriting career, Mahmud wrote some 500 educational children's songs[4] with simple lyrics and rhythms. Some of Mahmud's best known works include "Pelangi" ("Rainbow"), "Ambilkan Bulan" ("Take the Moon"), "Anak Gembala" ("Shepherd Boy"), "Bintang Kejora" ("The Morning Star"), "Mendaki Gunung", "Ade Irma Suryani", and "Amelia".[1][5] Mahmud also hosted two children song's shows on TVRI, the Indonesian state-run television, "Lagu Pilihanku" (Songs of My Choice) from 1968 to 1988, and "Ayo Menyanyi" (Let’s Sing) from 1969 to 1988. Co-hosts include children's songwriters, Ibu Sud and Daljono.[2]
Mahmud release his autobiography, A. T. Mahmud Meniti Pelangi: Sebuah Memoar (A. T. Mahmud Walking on the Rainbow: A Memoir, in 2003. It was published by Gramedia.[6]
In 2009, Mahmud suffered a stroke. In early July 2010, he was hospitalized with a lung infection.[2] After being released from the hospital, he died in his sleep at his home in Tebet, South Jakarta at around 1:00 pm (UTC+7) from the infection.[1][2] He was buried in Menteng Pulo Cemetery, Jakarta on 7 July 2010,[1][3] with well-wishers on Twitter and other social networking websites expressing their condolences.[4]

Personal life[edit]

Mahmud married Mulyani. Together they had a son and two daughters. At the time of his death, Mahmud had 7 grandchildren.[3]
Mahmud believed that children should sing children's songs, and expressed disappointment at the trend for them to sing songs written for adults.[4] He also believed that children's songs are not to entertain them, but to educate them and assist with their emotional development.[2]

Legacy[edit]

Mahmud has been described as a "legendary children's song writer"[1] and "a true champion of children’s education".[4] In 1999 he received the Artists Award from the Minister of Education and Culture.[3] He was the recipient of the 2003 AMI Lifetime Achievement Award. That same year, the Indonesian government awarded him the Bintang Budaya Parama Dharma medal.[7]
His work is credited with launching the career of child star Tasya.[2] In 2000, his works (sung by Tasya) were compiled by Sony Wonder and released as Libur Tlah Tiba: Karya Abadi MT Mahmud (Holiday has Arrived: The Eternal Works of MT Mahmud), which went double platinum. The album was followed by two more: Gembira Berkumpul (Come Together in Excitement) and Ketupat Lebaran (A Rice Cake for Eid ul-Fitr).[3]

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Juma al Majid (born in Dubai, United Arab Emirates around 1930) is an Emirati businessman, political adviser, and philanthropist.[1] Al Majid is ranked among the Richest Arabs in the world.[2]

Early life and education[edit]

H.E. Juma Majid was born in Al Shandagah, Dubai in 1930.
Majid was introduced to the grocery business in Dubai through his uncle and continued in the same business for another two to three years until he met Mohammad Al Gaz in 1952. Al Gaz brought goods in Dubai from Kuwait and Bahrain, and Al Majid would help with the sales. In 1956, Al Qaz asked Al Majid to travel with him to Kuwait to trade in that lucrative market. The two used to take tobacco and Omani dry lime to sell in Kuwait and Bahrain and returned with goods like fabric and watches — from Switzerland and France — to sell in Dubai. The business expanded to Pakistan, India and across the Arab world into Europe, as it began to attract the support of international brands planning to enter the then Trucial States. It was around that time that Al Majid formally launched his own companies, Mohammad & Juma Al Majid alongside Al Gaz's United Arab Agencies.[3]
At the beginning of the fifties, he participated with his colleagues: Mr. Humaid Al Tayer, Abdullah Al Ghurair, Nasir Rashed Loutah, and with consent of Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum in the establishment of the first charitable society to help the needy of Dubai, so they established two secondary schools, one for boys in Bur Dubai, called Jamal Abdul Nasser Secondary School, the second for girls in Bur Deira, called Amna Secondary Schools.
The partnership between Al Majid and Al Qaz lasted 11 years.
After the UAE Federation was formed, Al Majid left the gold business as the trade and development projects the country offered greater opportunities.
In 1974, Al Gaz and Al Majid began work on establishing a Pepsi factory in Dubai, the National Cement Company, and the Dubai Chamber of Commerce and Industry. He also diversified into the carpentry and décor business. The group has since diversified further into transport and logistics, construction, food and advertising. There is also an international investment company, Al Majid Investment.
Majid established the Islamic and Arabic Studies College in 1987 in Dubai.
In 1990, Al Majid, along with Al Gaz and other local philanthropists, established the Beit Al Khair Society, a charitable organization aims to aid the poor citizens, needy students, as well as offering cash or commodities to the victims of disasters.
In 1991, Al Majid realized the needs of scholars and researchers, especially those who are unable to obtain the necessary books, references and manuscripts, so he established a public library, afterwards it was developed to become a cultural organization, known as Juma Al Majid Center for Culture and Heritage.
Over time, Al Majid went on to secure franchise rights for other international brands — in engineering, automobiles, office furniture, communication and tyres — from companies like Samsung, Hyundai, Hitachi and many more. He is succeeded by his heir Khalid Juma Al Majid.

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Mahmut Makal (1930, Gülağaç, Aksaray - August 10, 2018, Ankara) was a Turkish writer, poet and teacher who initiated the "Village Literature" movement in 1950 with the publication of his book ‘Bizim Köy’ (Our Village).[1]

Early life[edit]

Makal was born in the hamlet of Demirci in the Gülağaç district of Aksaray in 1930. In 1943, he began studying literature and poetry at the Ivriz Village Institute. His poems were first published in 1945 in the magazine "Türk'e Doğru" and in 1946 in the "Köy Enstitüsü" magazine, and he attracted wider notice with his Village Notes in Varlık magazine.[2]

Rise to fame[edit]

After graduating from the Ivriz Village Institute in 1947, he worked as a village teacher for 6 years. In 1950, his observations from these years of teaching were published in a book called ‘Bizim Köy’ (Our Village), the first work of the village literature movement.[3] It aroused very strong reactions across Turkey, and led to Makal being arrested and held in prison for a while.[4]

Later years[edit]

He enrolled at the Ankara Gazi Institute in 1953 and also visited France to undertake research at the European Sociology Center. In the 1965 elections he was a candidate in Istanbul for the Workers Party of Turkey. He then worked as an inlet or of primary schools in Antalya, Ankara and Adana regions. In 1971, he left this job and taught Turkish at the İstanbul School for the Deaf and Dumb. Between 1971 and 1972 he managed Bizim Köy Publshing and in 1972 he taught Turkish Language and Literature at the University of Venice. In 1976 he retired from his position at the Karadeniz Copper Works.[5]

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 Paul L. Maier (born May 31, 1930)[1][2] is a historian and novelist. He has written several works of scholarly and popular non-fiction about Christianity and novels about Christian historians. He is the former Russell H. Seibert Professor of Ancient History at Western Michigan University, from which he retired in 2011, retaining the title of professor emeritus in the Department of History. He previously served as Third Vice President of the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod.

Early life and education[edit]

Maier is the son of Walter A. Maier (1893–1950), founder and long time speaker of The Lutheran Hour. He is a graduate of Harvard University (M.A., 1954) and Concordia Seminary, St. Louis (M. Div., 1955). On a Fulbright Scholarship, Maier studied at the University of Heidelberg, Germany, and Basel, Switzerland. At Basel, Maier studied under scholars Karl Barth and Oscar Cullmann. He received his Ph.D., summa cum laude, in 1957.

Personal life[edit]

Maier is married to Joan and has four daughters.

Career[edit]

Maier's areas of interest include the Ancient Near East; Ancient Greece; Ancient Rome; Christianity and the Roman Empire; and the Reformation Era.
He is the author of sixteen published books, both historical fiction and non-fiction. His historical fiction includes the #1 national best-seller in religious fiction [3] A Skeleton in God's Closet (1993), as well as Pontius Pilate (1968), The Flames of Rome (1981), More Than A Skeleton (2003), and the children's book The Very First Christmas (1998). Maier's non-fiction work includes Josephus: The Essential Works, a translation and abridgement of the writings of Josephus; and The Ecclesiastical History of Eusebius of Caesarea, a translation of Eusebius' Church History. Maier co-wrote The Da Vinci Code: Fact or Fiction? with Christian apologist Hank Hanegraaf. The book is a critical rebuttal of Dan Brown's 2003 topseller The Da Vinci Code. In addition, he has published well over 200 articles and reviews in such journals as Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte, Church History, Harvard Theological Review, Hermes: Zeitschrift für Klassische Philologie, Concordia Theological Quarterly, Concordia Journal, Mankind, Christian Century, Christianity Today, and Christian Herald.
He travels and lectures frequently. In 2004, he was featured on the Christian daily talk show 100 Huntley Street in Canada for the entire year. He is a frequent guest on the show.[4]

Appearances[edit]

Maier appeared in a 2004 episode of the Showtime TV show, Bullshit!, entitled The Bible: Fact or Fiction?. The show's hosts argued against a literal interpretation of the Bible. Maier was invited to provide both a counterargument and relevant background information regarding the text. He was opposed by Skeptics Society founder Michael Shermer. Maier also appeared on the TV series Mysteries of the Bible, in the episode titled "Paul The Apostle."

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Anisa (or Aniseh) Makhlouf (1930 – 6 February 2016)[1] was the Syrian matriarch of the Al-Assad family, which has ruled the country since 1971. The wife of the late President Hafez al-Assad, Makhlouf held the position of First Lady of Syria from 1971 until 2000. Her five children include Bashar al-Assad, the President of Syria since 2000.[2][3][4]
The Economist described Anisa Makhlouf as "a formidable figure" within the al-Assad family and the Syrian regime.[3] A highly influential member of the regime, she was one of the few people with whom Bashar al-Assad regularly consulted during the Syrian Civil War.[3][5] She is believed to have advocated for a heavy, military crackdown on Syrian protesters and rebels during the ongoing Civil War.[3]
Makhlouf was born around 1929 or 1930 in Latakia, Syria, to the Makhloufs, an influential family from Latakia Governorate.[2][3][6]
She married Hafez al-Assad, an officer of the Syrian Arab Air Force, in 1957.[2] They had five children: Bushra (b. 1960), Bassel al-Assad (1962–1994), Bashar al-Assad (b. 1965), Majd al-Assad (1966–2009), and Maher al-Assad. Her marriage to Hafez al-Assad elevated the status and wealth of the Makhlouf family.[5] Anisa Makhlouf's relatives were awarded lucrative contracts within the country's banking, oil and telecommunication sectors.[5] One nephew, Rami Makhlouf, is believed to be the wealthiest man in Syria, with a net worth of $5 billion USD, as of 2012.[5]
Following the death of Bassel al-Assad in 1994, Makhlouf favored Maher al-Assad, her youngest son and a Syrian general, as a possible successor for her husband.[4] Instead, Bashar al-Assad returned from London, joined the military, and succeeded his father as President of Syria in 2000.[4]
Makhlouf is believed to have advocated for a harsh crackdown on protesters and rebels during the Arab Spring and Syrian Civil War.[3]In 2012, Makhlouf, as well as other members of the Al-Assad family, were slapped with sanctions by the European Union amid the country's civil war and attacks on protesters by the al-Assad regime.[2]
The EU sanctions included a travel ban and the freezing of her assets.[2] Prior to the travel ban, she had reportedly made frequent trips to Germany for medical treatments for an undisclosed illness.[2][3][7]

Death[edit]

Anisa Makhlouf died in Damascus on 6 February 2016 from undisclosed causes.[8]

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Magnus André de Merindol Malan SSA OMSG SD SM MP (30 January 1930 – 18 July 2011) was a pivotal military man and politician during the last years of apartheid in South Africa. He served respectively as Minister of Defence in the cabinet of President P. W. Botha, Chief of the South African Defence Force (SADF), and Chief of the South African Army. Rising quickly through the lower ranks, he was appointed to strategic command positions. His tenure as chief of the defence force saw it increase in size, efficiency and capabilities.[1]As P.W. Botha's cabinet minister he posited a total communist onslaught, for which an encompassing national strategy was devised. This entailed placing policing, intelligence and aspects of civic affairs under control of generals. The ANC and Swapo were branded as terrorist organizations, while splinter groups (UNITA, RENAMO and LLA) were bolstered in neighbouring and Frontline States.[1] Cross-border raids targeted suspected bases of insurgents or activists, while at home the army entered townships from 1984 onwards to stifle unrest. Elements in the Inkhata Freedom Party were used as a proxy force, and rogue soldiers and policemen in the CCB assassinated opponents.[1]

Personal life[edit]

Malan's father was a professor of biochemistry at the University of Pretoria[2] and later a Member of Parliament (1948–1966) and Deputy Speaker and Chairman of Committees (1961–1966) of the House of Assembly. He started his high school education at the Afrikaanse Hoër Seunskool but later moved to Dr Danie Craven’s Physical Education Brigade in Kimberley, where he completed his matriculation. He wanted to join the South African armed forces immediately after his matric, but his father advised him first to complete his university studies. As a result of this advice, Malan enrolled at the University of Stellenbosch in 1949 to study for a Bachelor of Commerce degree.[3] However, he later abandoned his studies in Stellenbosch and went to University of Pretoria, where he enrolled for a B.Sc. Mil. degree. He graduated in 1953.
In 1962 Malan married Magrietha Johanna van der Walt;[3] the couple had two sons and one daughter.

Military career[edit]

At the end of 1949, the first military degree course for officers was advertised and Malan joined the Permanent Force as a cadet, going on to complete his BSc Mil at the University of Pretoria in 1953.[3]
He was commissioned in the Navy and served in the Marines based on Robben Island.[3] When they were disbanded, he was transferred back into the Army as a lieutenant.[4]
Malan was earmarked for high office from early on in his military career; one of the many courses he attended was the Regular Command and General Staff Officers Course in the United States of America from 1962 to 1963. He went on to serve as commanding officer of various formations, including Western Province Command,[5]:95 South West Africa Command, and the South African Military Academy.[5]:95[6]:77
In 1973 he was appointed as Chief of the South African Army and three years later as Chief of the South African Defence Force (SADF).[5]:95[7]:xiv-xv
As Chief of the SADF he implemented many administrative changes that earned him great admiration in military circles.[8] During this period he became very close to P.W. Botha, the then Minister of Defence and later Prime Minister.

Awards and decorations[edit]

Malan was awarded the following awards and decorations:[4]
Part of a series on
Apartheid

Political career[edit]

In October 1980 Botha appointed Malan defence minister in the National Party government, a post he held until 1991. As a result of this appointment he joined the National Party and became Member of Parliament for Modderfontein. He was also elected to be a member of the Executive Council of the National Party.[9]
During Malan's tenure in parliament as defence minister his greatest opposition came from MPs of the Progressive Federal Party such as Harry Schwarz and Philip Myburgh, who both served as shadow defence ministers at various points during the 1980s.[10]
In July 1991, following a scandal involving secret government funding to the Inkatha Freedom Party and other opponents of the African National Congress, President F. W. de Klerk removed Malan from his influential post of defence minister and appointed him minister for water affairs and forestry.[11]
The strike craft SAS Magnus Malan of the South African Navy was named after him[12] prior to the change of government in 1994.

Later life[edit]

On 2 November 1995, Malan was charged together with 19 other former senior military officers for murdering 13 people (including seven children) in the KwaMakhutha massacre in 1987.[13] The murders were said to have been part of a conspiracy to create war between the African National Congress (ANC) and the Zulu Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP), and maintaining white minority rule. The charges related to an attack in January 1987 on the home of Victor Ntuli, an ANC activist, in KwaMakhutha township near Durban in KwaZulu-Natal.
Malan and the other accused were bailed and ordered to appear in court again on 1 December 1995. A seven-month trial then ensued and brought hostility between black and white South Africans to the fore once again. All the accused were eventually acquitted. President Mandela called on South Africans to respect the verdict.[14] Nonetheless in South Africa, the Malan trial has come to be seen by some as a failure of the legal process.[15][16][17][18][19][20][21]
Malan also had to appear before the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.[22]
On 26 January 2007, he was interviewed by shortwave/Internet talk radio show The Right Perspective.[23] It is believed to be one of the very few, if not the only, interviews Gen. Malan gave outside of South Africa. In 2006 he published an autobiography titled My Life With the SA Defence Force.[24]
Malan died at his home in Pretoria on 18 July 2011.[25][26] He was survived by his wife, 3 children and 9 grandchildren.[27][3]

Controversy[edit]

See also: The Lost Boys of Bird Island
In August 2018, a book by a former Apartheid era policeman and a journalist alleged that Malan had been involved in a paedophilia ring in the 1980s.[28] The book, The Lost Boys of Bird Island by Mark Minnie and Chris Steyn, contain claims that Malan used his position as Defence Minister to ferry young boys to an island off the coast of South Africa by helicopter, under the pretext of going on a fishing trip. They were then allegedly sexually abused by Malan and other members of the ring who purportedly included a local businessman, Dave Allen, and at least one other government minister.[29]
Dave Allen was later arrested for paedophilia but was found dead from an apparent suicide before he was due to appear in court.[30][31] Mark Minnie, one of the authors of Lost Boyswas found dead from an apparent suicide in August 2018.[32]
However, these allegations have been met with scepticism and rejection by those who were intimately acquainted with Malan, as well as members of the general public.[33][34][35] The allegations made by the two authors in the book are still to be investigated by the National Prosecuting Authority to determine whether the accusations provided can and should be prosecuted.[36]

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Leslie François Saint Roc Manigat (August 16, 1930 – June 27, 2014) was a Haitian politician who was elected as President of Haitiin a tightly controlled military held election in January 1988.[1] He served as President for only a few months, from February 1988 to June 1988, before being ousted by the military.

In education[edit]

Leslie Manigat was a professor at the prestigious l'Université de Paris-VIII Vincennes, where he gave courses on World History. He also published articles on education in various Haitian newspapers: Le Nouvelliste, La Phalange, and Le Matin.

1988 Haitian presidential elections[edit]

According to the Provisional Electoral Council (Conseil Electoral Provisoire, or CEP) he won the presidential election of January 17, 1988 with 50.29% of the votes, defeating ten other candidates. However, voter turnout was well under 10%. Few historians and vote monitors consider this election to have been democratic. He was inaugurated on February 7, 1988, and named Martial Célestin as his Prime Minister in March. He was overthrown by Gen. Henri Namphy on June 20, 1988 in the June 1988 Haitian coup d'état. He ran for president again in the February 2006 election but was defeated, receiving 12.40% of the vote and placing a distant second behind René Préval.

Death[edit]

He died on June 27, 2014 at the age of 83.
Manigat was born in Port-au-Prince. His wife, Mirlande Manigat, was a candidate in the 2010 presidential election.[2]

Award[edit]

Leslie Manigat won The Haiti Grand Prize of literature 2004, given at the Miami Book Fair International of 2004. Nominees for the Prize were: Edwidge Danticat, René Depestre, Jean-Claude Fignolé, Odette Roy Fombrun, Frankétienne, Gary Klang, Dany Laferrière and Josaphat-Robert Large.

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Herbie Mann
Herbie Mann-1.jpg
Mann c. 1980
Background information
Birth nameHerbert Jay Solomon
BornApril 16, 1930
Brooklyn, New York, United States
DiedJuly 1, 2003 (aged 73)
Pecos, New Mexico, United States
GenresJazz, bossa nova, disco, world music
Occupation(s)Musician, record label executive
InstrumentsFlute, saxophone, bass clarinet
Years active1953–2003
LabelsAtlantic, Cotillion, Embryo, Kokopelli
Associated actsAntônio Carlos Jobim, João Gilberto, Whitney Houston, Cissy Houston
Websitewww.herbiemannmusic.com
Herbert Jay Solomon (April 16, 1930 – July 1, 2003),[1] known by his stage name Herbie Mann, was an American jazz flautist and important early practitioner of world music. Early in his career, he also played tenor saxophone and clarinet (including bass clarinet), but Mann was among the first jazz musicians to specialize on the flute. His most popular single was "Hijack", which was a Billboard No. 1 dance hit for three weeks in 1975.
Mann emphasized the groove approach in his music. Mann felt that from his repertoire, the "epitome of a groove record" was Memphis Underground or Push Push, because the "rhythm section locked all in one perception."[2]

Biography[edit]

Herbie Mann was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Jewish parents, Harry C. Solomon (May 30, 1902 – May 31, 1980), who was of Russian descent, and Ruth Rose Solomon (née Brecher) (July 4, 1905 – November 11, 2004), of Romanian descent who was born in Bukovina, Austria-Hungary but immigrated to the United States with her family at the age of 6.[3][4][5] Both of his parents were dancers and singers, as well as dance instructors later in life.[3] He attended Lincoln High School in Brighton Beach. His first professional performance was playing the Catskills resorts at age 15. In the 1950s Mann was primarily a bop flutist, playing in combos with artists such as Phil Woods, occasionally playing bass clarinet, tenor saxophone and solo flute.
Mann was an early pioneer of the fusion of jazz and world music. In 1959, following a State Department sponsored tour of Africa, he recorded Flautista!, an album of Afro-Cuban jazz. In 1961 Mann toured Brazil, returning to the United States to record with Brazilian musicians, including Antonio Carlos Jobim and guitarist Baden Powell. These albums helped popularize bossa nova in the US and Europe. He often worked with Brazilian themes. In the mid-1960s Mann hired a young Chick Corea to play in some of his bands. In the late 1970s and early 1980s Mann played duets at New York City's The Bottom Line and Village Gate clubs, with Sarod virtuoso Vasant Rai.
Following the 1969 hit album Memphis Underground, a number of smooth jazz records influenced by Southern soul, blues rock, reggae, funk and disco elicited criticism from jazz purists but allowed Mann to remain active during a period of declining interest in jazz. The musicians on these recordings are some of the best-known session players in soul and jazz, including singer Cissy Houston (mother of Whitney Houston), guitarists Duane Allman and Larry Coryell, bassists Donald "Duck" Dunn, Chuck Rainey, and Miroslav Vitous, and drummers Al Jackson, Jr. and Bernard Purdie. In this period Mann had a number of pop hits — rare for a jazz musician. According to a 1998 interview Mann had made at least 25 albums that were on the Billboard 200 pop charts, success denied most of his jazz peers."[6]
Mann provided the music for the 1978 National Film Board of Canada animated short Afterlife, by Ishu Patel.

Herbie Mann and Will Lee (1975)
In the early 1970s he founded his own label, Embryo Records, distributed by Cotillion Records, a division of Atlantic Records.[7] Embryo produced jazz albums, such as Ron Carter's Uptown Conversation (1970); Miroslav Vitous' first solo album, Infinite Search (1969); Phil Woods and his European Rhythm Machine at the Frankfurt Jazz Festival (1971); and Dick Morrissey and Jim Mullen's Up (1976), which featured the Average White Band as a rhythm section; and the 730 Series, with a more rock-oriented style, including Zero Time (1971) by TONTO's Expanding Head Band. He later set up Kokopelli Records after difficulty with established labels. In 1996, Mann collaborated with Stereolab on the song "One Note Samba/Surfboard" for the AIDS-Benefit album Red Hot + Rio produced by the Red Hot Organization. Mann also played horns on the Bee Gees' album Spirits Having Flown.
His last appearance was on May 3, 2003, at the New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival and he died less than two months later on July 1, 2003, at the age of 73, after a long battle with prostate cancer. He died in his home in Pecos, New Mexico, leaving his wife, Susan Janeal Arison, and four children: Paul Mann, Claudia Mann, Laura Mann-Lepik and Geoffrey Mann.
In a review of Mann's Beyond Brooklyn (2004), his final recording (co-led with Phil Woods), critic George Kanzler proposed that Mann's status as an innovator had been overlooked:
...Mann's career, in both its questing nature and embrace of various musical styles, parallels that of Miles Davis. Mann championed Brazilian music even before Stan Getz. When Miles was fusing jazz with rock, Mann was fusing it with Memphis soul and Southern rock. He also was an early exponent of world music. But while Miles was usually hailed as a visionary, Mann was dismissed as just a popularizer selling out. It was a bum rap.[8]

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John Oliver Manyarara (11 August 1930 – 28 May 2010) was a judge at the High Court of Zimbabwe, Judge of Appeal of the Zimbabwe Supreme Court, and Acting Judge at the High Court in Windhoek, Namibia. He was also the founding chairperson of the Media Institute of Southern Africa (MISA) Trust Fund Board; an award for investigative journalism carries his name.[1][2]

Biography[edit]

Manyarara graduated from Rhodes University, South Africa with a Bachelor of Arts. He began his career in broadcasting and journalism, and later became a barrister in England and in Wales. He served the Zimbabwe High Court and Supreme Court before his retirement in 1994 and later moved to Namibia. There he became Acting Judge of the High Court in 2000 (judges beyond the retirement age of 65 can only be appointed into acting positions),[3] a position he filled until his death in 2010.[1] In this position he presided over several high-profile cases, including both parts of the Caprivi treason trial,[4] the largest trial in Namibian history.[5] The John Manyarara Investigative Journalism Award by the Media Institute of Southern Africa honours his name.

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Bobby Marchan (born Oscar James Gibson, April 30, 1930 – December 5, 1999)[1] was an American rhythm and blues singer, songwriter, recording artist, bandleader, MC, and female impersonator.

Biography[edit]

Born in Youngstown, Ohio, Marchan started as a female impersonator in his teens, and formed a drag troupe, the Powder Box Revue. He began performing in New Orleans nightclubs, specifically the Dew Drop Inn and the Club Tijuana in the mid-1950s.[2] He made his first recording, "Have Mercy", produced by Cosimo Matassa for Aladdin Records, in 1954. He then recorded for the Dot and Ace labels, with Ace boss Johnny Vincent apparently offering him a contract under the misapprehension that Marchan was female and releasing his record "Give a Helping Hand" under the pseudonym Bobby Fields.[3]
From 1957, Marchan also toured with the Clowns, the band led by Huey "Piano" Smith, sometimes performing as lead singer and bandleader in place of Smith, who reputedly would stay in New Orleans to write and record while his band played clubs and toured. The touring band included James Booker on piano.[4] Marchan also recorded with the band, singing on Huey Smith and the Clowns' hit records "Rockin' Pneumonia and the Boogie Woogie Flu," "Don't You Just Know It," and the original version of "Sea Cruise" (later recorded by Frankie Ford), among others.[3]
In 1959, he left the Clowns and resumed his solo career, on Bobby Robinson's Fire record label. He had a number one hit on the national R&B chart in 1960 with "There's Something on Your Mind", a cover of a song written and first performed by Big Jay McNeely, but with Marchan adding lengthy spoken word passages.[5] His follow-ups on Fire, however, were less commercially successful, and in 1963 he signed for Stax Records on the recommendation of Otis Redding. However, he soon moved on to the Dial label, where in 1965 he recorded his own song "Get Down With It". The song was covered by Little Richard, and then reworked in 1971 by British glam rock band Slade as "Get Down and Get with It", giving the band their first chart hit.[3]
After moving to Cameo-Parkway Records he had some success with "There's Something About You, Baby", and then his second solo R&B chart hit in 1966 with "Shake Your Tambourine." However, later records on various labels, including Ace, were unsuccessful, and by the early 1970s Marchan had returned to club work in New Orleans as a female impersonator and MC. He regularly performed at the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival.[5]
He also set up his own production company, Manicure Productions, in the 1980s. In the 1990s his company Manicure was involved in hip hop music booking and promotion including Take Fo' Records bounce music artist DJ Jubilee.[5][6] Marchan was also involved with the formation of Cash Money Records.[4]
Marchan died from liver cancer in Gretna, Louisiana on December 5, 1999, aged 69.[3][1]

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Bobby Marchan (born Oscar James Gibson, April 30, 1930 – December 5, 1999)[1] was an American rhythm and blues singer, songwriter, recording artist, bandleader, MC, and female impersonator.

Biography[edit]

Born in Youngstown, Ohio, Marchan started as a female impersonator in his teens, and formed a drag troupe, the Powder Box Revue. He began performing in New Orleans nightclubs, specifically the Dew Drop Inn and the Club Tijuana in the mid-1950s.[2] He made his first recording, "Have Mercy", produced by Cosimo Matassa for Aladdin Records, in 1954. He then recorded for the Dot and Ace labels, with Ace boss Johnny Vincent apparently offering him a contract under the misapprehension that Marchan was female and releasing his record "Give a Helping Hand" under the pseudonym Bobby Fields.[3]
From 1957, Marchan also toured with the Clowns, the band led by Huey "Piano" Smith, sometimes performing as lead singer and bandleader in place of Smith, who reputedly would stay in New Orleans to write and record while his band played clubs and toured. The touring band included James Booker on piano.[4] Marchan also recorded with the band, singing on Huey Smith and the Clowns' hit records "Rockin' Pneumonia and the Boogie Woogie Flu," "Don't You Just Know It," and the original version of "Sea Cruise" (later recorded by Frankie Ford), among others.[3]
In 1959, he left the Clowns and resumed his solo career, on Bobby Robinson's Fire record label. He had a number one hit on the national R&B chart in 1960 with "There's Something on Your Mind", a cover of a song written and first performed by Big Jay McNeely, but with Marchan adding lengthy spoken word passages.[5] His follow-ups on Fire, however, were less commercially successful, and in 1963 he signed for Stax Records on the recommendation of Otis Redding. However, he soon moved on to the Dial label, where in 1965 he recorded his own song "Get Down With It". The song was covered by Little Richard, and then reworked in 1971 by British glam rock band Slade as "Get Down and Get with It", giving the band their first chart hit.[3]
After moving to Cameo-Parkway Records he had some success with "There's Something About You, Baby", and then his second solo R&B chart hit in 1966 with "Shake Your Tambourine." However, later records on various labels, including Ace, were unsuccessful, and by the early 1970s Marchan had returned to club work in New Orleans as a female impersonator and MC. He regularly performed at the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival.[5]
He also set up his own production company, Manicure Productions, in the 1980s. In the 1990s his company Manicure was involved in hip hop music booking and promotion including Take Fo' Records bounce music artist DJ Jubilee.[5][6] Marchan was also involved with the formation of Cash Money Records.[4]
Marchan died from liver cancer in Gretna, Louisiana on December 5, 1999, aged 69.[3][1]

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Achkar Marof (1930-1971) was a Guinean diplomat.
Marof was born in Coyah (Republic of Guinea) in 1930 and studied at the Ecole Breguet in Paris. He became Deputy Director of the Ballets Africains in 1954 and was appointed as its director in 1957. He was the Guinea Permanent Representative to the United Nations, from 1964 to 1968.[1] Marof was recalled to Conakry, Guinea in 1968, arrested and jailed at Camp Boiro. He briefly regained his freedom in the 1970 coup attempt. His family learned in 1985 that he had been shot on 26 January 1971.[2]
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Fran Marshall (12 May 1930 - ?? 2011) is a retired squash player from England. She won the British Open in 1961, defeating Ruth Turner in the final in straight sets 9–3, 9–5, 9–1. She was also the runner-up at the championship in 1960, 1962, 1963, 1964 and 1969.[1][2] She also won the Scottish Open in 1962 beating Heather McKay in straight games, making her the last woman to defeat Heather McKay in squash.[3][4]
Marshall was raised in Kenya, and represented Kenya in tennis at the 1960 Wimbledon Championships and was part of the Kenyan team at the 1981 Women's World Team Squash Championships.[5]
After marrying her husband, who was in the British Army, she moved to England and has lived there permanently since 1957.[6]

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Bobby Martin (May 4, 1930 – September 6, 2013) was an American music producer, arranger and songwriter, closely associated with Philadelphia International Records and Philly soul.[1][2]
Martin received a Grammy Award for Album of the Year for his contribution to the Saturday Night Fever soundtrack.
He died in 2013.

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Louis "Sabu" Martinez (July 14, 1930 – January 13, 1979) was an American conguero and percussionist. A prominent player in the Cubop movement, Martinez appeared on many important recordings and live performances during that period. Martinez also recorded several Latin jazz albums, now recognized as classics of the genre.[1]
Born in New York City, Martinez made his professional debut in 1941 aged 11. He replaced Chano Pozo in Dizzy Gillespie's orchestra in 1948, and began performing with Benny Goodman's Bebop Orchestra in 1949. Over the next 15 years, Martinez worked with Charlie Parker, Duke Ellington, Count Basie, J. J. Johnson, Horace Silver, Thelonious Monk, Charles Mingus, Mary Lou Williams, Lionel Hampton, Noro Morales, Marcelino Guerra, Esy Morales, the Lecuona Cuban Boys, Miguelito Valdés, Tito Rodríguez, and the Joe LocoTrio. He also worked with vocalists Tony Bennett, Sammy Davis, Jr., and Harry Belafonte.[2]
Martinez first recorded with Art Blakey in 1953, and contributed to his Orgy in Rhythm and Holiday for Skins projects from 1957–58. Martinez became a bandleader in 1957, recording his debut album, Palo Congo, for the Blue Note label. He followed it up with releases on Vik and Alegre Records. Martinez moved to Sweden in 1967 and recorded with theFrancy Boland-Kenny Clarke big band, releasing two albums. Subsequently, he led the group Burnt Sugar, which was active into the mid '70s. On January 13, 1979, he died in Sweden at the age of 48 from a gastric ulcer.[2]

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Helvécio Martins (27 July 1930 – 14 May 2005) was the first person of Black African descent to be called as a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).
Born to descendants of African slaves in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Martins joined the LDS Church in 1972, despite his knowledge that the LDS Church did not then allow members of Black African descent to hold the priesthood or to receive temple ordinances.
On 9 June 1978, Martins and his family heard of the announcement that the LDS Church was lifting the priesthood ban. After Martins received the priesthood and his temple ordinances, he served in the church as a bishop, counselor to a stake president, and as president of the Brazil Fortaleza Mission.
In April 1990, church president Ezra Taft Benson called Martins as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. Martins became the first black general authority in the LDS Church.
After serving a standard five-year term as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy, Martins was honorably released as a general authority on 30 September 1995. He died in Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil at age 74.
Martins dictated his life story which was published as The Autobiography of Elder Helvecio Martins.[1]
Martins' son, Marcus, is the chair of the religion department at Brigham Young University–Hawaii.

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Ángel Masié Ntutumu (born 1930) is an Equatorial Guinean politician.

Biography[edit]

Ángel Masié Ntutumu is the brother of Miguel Eyegue (es), the Vice President of Equatorial Guinea from 1974 to 1976.[1]
A militant of the National Liberation Movement (es) (Movimiento Nacional de Liberación de Guinea Ecuatorial; MONALIGE),[1][2] Masié Ntutumu was appointed Minister of the Interior by President Francisco Macías Nguema after the Independence of Equatorial Guinea (es),[2] holding office until 1973.[3] The following year he was appointed Minister of National Security, Deputy Minister of Health, and Presidential Secretary. He is considered to have been responsible for some repressive incidents on Bioko Island in 1974.[4] In 1976 he fell into disgrace and went into exile in Spain.[3]
In 1979, he supported the 1979 coup d'état led by Teodoro Obiang from exile,[5] and returned to the country. In 1981, Masié Ntutumu was involved in a supposed coup attempt with Pedro Ekong Andeme (es) and Andrés Moisés Mba Ada (es).[6][7]
He was a member of the Chamber of Deputies for the Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea (Partido Democrático de Guinea Ecuatorial; PDGE).[8] Later he went over to the opposition and joined the Popular Union party, forming part of its National Political Council.[9] His work resulted in him being arrested in 1991 and 1993.[10]
In 2010 he rejoined the PDGE.[11]
His son is the politician Ángel Masié Mibuy,[12] a current government minister.[13]

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Alberto Massavanhane ( 9 February 1930 – 29 September 1993) was a Mozambican diplomat, teacher, and the first Mayor of Maputo.[1] After the signing of Lusaka Accord, in 1974, Massavanhane was nominated by Frelimo as Mayor of Lourenço Marquesduring the transition government,[2] becoming the first Mozambican to be President of the Executive Council of Maputo after Independence of Mozambique in 1975. In 1983 Alberto Massavanhane was again called to be the head of Maputo local government, before being designated as Ambassador of Mozambique in the Kingdom of Sweden from 1988 until his death in 1993.
Alberto was born in Xai-Xai in February 9, 1930, district capital of Gaza, being the youngest of the three sons of Massavanhane Nhancume and his wife Chonipane, a family of small farmers and shepherds. By the age of 13 he went to live to Lourenço Marques, taking up his education in the Christian Mission of Magude. By the age of 20 in the same Magude Mission, he contacted religious marriage with Rosa Paulo Chadraca.
Subversive to the Portuguese colonialist regime, Alberto was the teacher of future Mozambican Prime-Minister and President Joaquim Chissano. Both locally, as a Mozambican teacher, and internationally as an African head of local government he always continued to have a role in the fight against colonialism.[3]
After Mozambique's Independence Massavanhane became the first black, Mozambican, Mayor of Maputo serving two terms, the first from 1974 (before the Declaration of Independence) until 1980, and the second term from 1983 to 1988.
During his second term he developed several actions concerting Maputo with international institutions and strategies. In 1985 he was very involved in fighting the malaria epidemics in Maputo, alongside other African nations and governments.[4] Also in 1985, along with Lisbon's Mayor Nuno Kruz Abecassis, Massavanhane had a pivotal role in the constitution of UCCLA[5] (União das Cidades Capitais Luso-Afro-Américo-Asiáticas) the precursor of CPLP.
In 1988 Alberto Massavanhane was designated plenipotentiary Ambassador of the Republic of Mozambique to the Kingdom of Sweden, with embassy in Stockholm.

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Robert Bruce Mathias (November 17, 1930 – September 2, 2006) was an American decathlete, two-time Olympic gold medalist in the event, a United States Marine Corps officer, actor and United States Congressman representing the state of California.

Mathias was born in Tulare, California. He attended Tulare Union High School,[3] where he was a classmate and long time friend of Sim Iness, the 1952 Olympic discus gold medalist. While at Tulare Union in early 1948, Mathias took up the decathlon at the suggestion of his track coach, Virgil Jackson. During the summer following his high school graduation, he qualified for the United States Olympic team for the 1948 Summer Olympics held in London.
In the Olympics, Mathias's naïveté about the decathlon was exposed.[4] He was unaware of the rules in the shot put and nearly fouled out of the event. He almost failed in the high jump but was able to recover. Mathias overcame his difficulties and with superior pole vaultand javelin scores was able to push past Ignace Heinrich to win the Olympic gold medal. At age 17, he became the youngest gold medalist in a track and field event.[1]
Mathias continued to fare well in decathlons in the four years between the London games and the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki.[1]In 1948, Mathias won the James E. Sullivan Award as the nation's top amateur athlete, but because his scholastic record in high school did not match his athletic achievement, he spent a year at The Kiski School,[3] a well-respected all-boys boarding school in Saltsburg, Pennsylvania. He then entered Stanford University in 1949, played college football for two years and was a member of Phi Gamma Delta fraternity. Mathias set his first decathlon world record in 1950[2] and led Stanford to a Rose Bowl appearance in 1952, the first nationally televised college football game. After graduating from Stanford in 1953 with a BA in Education, Mathias spent two and a half years in the U.S. Marine Corps. He was promoted to the rank of captain and was honorably discharged.[5]
At Helsinki in 1952, Mathias established himself as one of the world's greatest all-around athletes. He won the decathlon by the astounding margin of 912 points, which established a new world record, and he became the first person to successfully defend an Olympic decathlon title.[6] He returned to the United States as a national hero. His 7,887 point total at the Helsinki Olympics remained the school record at Stanford for 63 years until it was broken in 2015 by a freshman, Harrison Williams.[7] In 1952, he was the first person to compete in an Olympics and a Rose Bowl the same year. After the 1952 Olympics, Mathias retired from athletic competition. He later became the first director of the United States Olympic Training Center, a post he held from 1977 to 1983.[5]
He and his wife Melba can be seen on the 29th April 1954 edition of You Bet Your Life. During the discussion he mentions a forthcoming film in which the couple played themselves, called The Bob Mathias Story. He also starred in a number of mostly cameo-type roles in a variety of movies and TV shows throughout the 1950s. In the 1959–1960 television season, Mathias played Frank Dugan, with costars Keenan Wynn as Kodiak and Chet Allen as Slats, in the TV series The Troubleshooters, which focused 26 episodes on events at construction sites.[8] In 1960, he also appeared playing an athletic Theseus in an Italian "peplum," or sword-and-sandal, film: Minotaur, the Wild Beast of Crete.[9]
Bob Mathias was diagnosed with cancer in 1996, and died as a result in Fresno, California on September 2, 2006 at age 75. He is interred at Tulare Cemetery in Tulare, California. He was survived by wife Gwen, daughters Romel, Megan, Marissa, Alyse Alexander, son Reiner, brothers Eugene and Jim, and sister Patricia Guerrero.[5]

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Ollie Genoa Matson II (May 1, 1930 – February 19, 2011) was an American Olympic medal winning sprinter and professional American football running back who played in the National Football League (NFL) from 1952 to 1966. Drafted into the NFL by the Chicago Cardinals, Matson was traded to the Los Angeles Rams for nine players following the 1958 season.
Matson was named to the Pro Bowl six times during the course of his career and was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Famein 1972. His 2011 death due to complications associated with dementia was posthumously linked to Chronic traumatic encephalopathy.

Ollie Matson graduated from George Washington High School in San Francisco in 1948.
Matson attended the City College of San Francisco prior to transferring to the University of San Francisco. While in school, Matson became a member of Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity. In 1951, Matson's senior year at USF, he led the nation in rushing yardage and touchdowns en route to leading the Dons to an undefeated season. He was selected as an All-American and finished ninth in Heisman Trophy balloting that year.[1]
Despite its 9-0 record, the 1951 San Francisco team was not invited to a bowl game. It was later reported that the Orange, Sugar and Gator Bowls—all hosted in the Deep South—did not consider inviting any teams that had African American players, and USF refused to play without its two African-American members.[1][2]
Matson was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1976.

Prior to joining the National Football League in 1952, Matson competed in track and field as part of the United States Olympic Team in the 1952 Summer Olympics at Helsinki, Finland. Matson won a bronze medal in the 400-meter run and a silver medal as part of the United States 4x400-meter relay team.

He married his wife Mary, whom he met when both were San Francisco teenagers in the mid-1940s, in 1952. He and Mary lived in the same Los Angeles home from the time he played for the Los Angeles Rams until his death.
In his later years Matson suffered from dementia (he had been mostly bedridden for several years), which was linked to Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a progressive degenerative disease, diagnosed post-mortem in individuals with a history of multiple concussions and other forms of head injury.[9] According to his son, Ollie Matson, Jr., due to his degenerative brain disease Matson would wash the family's four cars almost daily and barbecue chicken at 6:30 am during his later years.[10]
According to his nephew, Matson hadn't spoken in the four years prior to his passing.[11] His son corroborated this grim anecdote, noting "I'd show up and he'd say 'Hi.' And he'd say 'Bye' when I left. That was it."[10]

On February 19, 2011, Ollie Matson died of dementia complications (respiratory failure) surrounded by family at his home in Los Angeles, California.[12]

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Onzy Durrett Matthews, Jr. (January 15, 1930 – November 13, 1997) was an American jazz pianist, singer, arranger and composer as well as a television and movie actor. He is best known for the big band arrangements done for the Lou Rawls albums Black and Blueand Tobacco Road, as well as arrangements for several of Ray Charles' 1960s releases. He had his own big band for many years and recorded numerous tracks for Capitol Records, including two albums released under his own name. He later had a close relationship with the Duke Ellington orchestra, working as a pianist, arranger and conductor through the late 1960s and 1970s.

Onzy Durrett Matthews, Jr. was born on January 15, 1930 to Onzy Matthews and Leola Jones in Fort Worth, Texas. He grew up in Dallas until his early teens when his mother moved to Los Angeles seeking better paying work. His early exposure to music was through singing in a church gospel choir.[1]
Matthews knew early on he wanted to be a musician: "music was his calling."[2] He graduated from high school early, at the age of 16, and primarily wanted to be a singer. "I taught myself to accompany myself on piano and then I found out you had to have arrangements."[1] In the early 1950s he enrolled in the Westlake College of Music in Hollywood and studied voice, ear training and harmony; much like Berklee School of Music they were proponents of the Schillinger System. He auditioned for band leader Les Brown as an arranger; Brown helped Matthews focus on what to keep in an arrangement that works, and what to discard.[1]

In 1959 Matthews contacted Dexter Gordon who was prominent in the Los Angeles jazz scene at the time. Matthews' first big band was started with the help of Gordon and fellow saxophonist Curtis Amy. The group started with a book of 21 charts from Matthews, and rehearsed on Wednesday nights for 5 months until they finally booked gigs in the area. The group was a conglomerate of all-star Los Angeles jazz/studio artists who immediately took a liking to playing Matthews' inventive, blues-based orchestrations; the first players coming through his band included Gordon, Amy, Sonny Criss, Jack Sheldon, Carmell Jones, and Red Mitchell.[3] Curtis Amy included two of Matthews' original tunes on his Pacific Jazz LPs Meetin' Here and Way Down in 1961 and 1962 respectively. Dexter Gordon recorded Matthews' original tune "Very Saxily Yours" for his Gettin' Around LP on Blue Note Records, but the track was not released until 25 years later on the CD re-issue.[1] Matthews became known around Los Angeles as an adept arranger and musical director; his first professional arranging assignments came at this time with Lionel Hampton, Della Reese, Ruth Price, and Gene McDaniels. The first tune of Matthews to be commercially recorded was in 1956, when clarinetist Maurice Meunier, who had played with Lionel Hampton, recorded in France. Meunier had got a copy of Matthews' Blues for the Reverend through his association with the Hampton band the year before.

Much like other black jazz artists of that time such as Billy Eckstine and Nat King Cole, it was particularly difficult for Matthews to break prejudice and color barriers.[4] He said at the time: "They said the band was too mixed, a couple of whites or a couple of Negroes would be O.K. but not 50/50."[4] He was confronted by an agent who hired an all-white group for a Las Vegas show rather than Matthews' mixed band. His frustration extended to A&R representatives for Decca, Columbia, and Capitol, who liked the sound of the band and his music but expressed concern after seeing the racially mixed band in person.[5]

Matthews' group in the early 1960s was finding work as a big band in Los Angeles; most of his players were shared, alternating with Gerald Wilson's big band (another mixed race big band) every other weekend at the Metro Theatre in Los Angeles.[1] The group also had a long running gig on Monday nights at the Virginia Club in Los Angeles.[5]
Players for Matthews' big bands and recordings in Los Angeles included Bud Brisbois, Curtis Amy, Bobby Bryant, Dick Hyde, Teddy Edwards, Earl Palmer, Jay Migliori, Conte Candoli, Richard 'Groove' Holmes, Horace Tapscott, Gabe Baltazar, Joe Maini, Ollie Mitchell, Herb Ellis, Carmell Jones, Sonny Criss, and Jack Nimitz. These included both black and white studio musicians, which presented a problem until Matthews signed to Capitol Records and worked with the much younger producer Nick Venet.[5] Singers that Matthews featured and wrote for, on their regular live gigs, included Ruth Price, Jimmy Witherspoon, Big Miller, and June Eckstine.[5]
Lou Rawls was signed to Capitol Records in early 1961 and finally had a breakthrough set of hits with Les McCann and the album Stormy Monday. Nick Venet was in charge of Rawls, and introduced him to Matthews. In August 1962 they recorded 13 new charts arranged by Matthews that featured Rawls' unique, resonating baritone voice.[1] Eleven of those charts would comprise Rawls' LP Black and Blue, which charted for three weeks in Billboard from April 1963, reaching no.130. Both men were back in the studio at Capitol in July and August 1963 to record more tracks, which made up Rawls' album Tobacco Road. Both albums were re-issued in 1969 on a Capitol release, Close-Up, which charted for three weeks in Billboard starting in August 1969, peaking at no.191. The band for the two Rawls LPs is essentially the personnel of the Onzy Matthews big band from that time.[6] Matthews' arranging style was a perfect fit for Rawls, but the pair did not re-unite for any other releases for Capitol.[1] Two other sets of singles sessions with Rawls from 1963 have never been issued. Matthews' band continued to back Lou Rawls on live concerts and events during the late 1960s.[7]
A second high-profile Matthews arranging assignment during this time was for Jac Holzman, who used him to arrange the traditional jazz ensemble tracks for Judy Henske's 1963 debut LP for Elektra Records.[8]
Matthews was finally signed to Capitol by Venet, and his first LP Non-Stop Jazz Samba was recorded in February 1963.[1] However, the album was not released. It has three different instrumentations of ensembles, with his big band as the core. Matthews showed his adeptness at a wide range of writing; the tracks are somewhat like Quincy Jones' 1962 album Big Band Bossa Nova released by Mercury Records. There are other unissued jazz sessions that Matthews arranged from this time with Dupree Bolton for Pacific Jazz Records, and tracks with Richard 'Groove' Holmes recorded at Capitol. Later, Holmes had Matthews arrange all the tracks for his own release Book of Blues: Volume I in 1964 for Warner Bros. Records, backed by Matthews' big band. Matthews wrote more charts and supplied the same band on Holmes' November 1966 release A Bowl of Soul, also with Warner Bros. Records.
In January 1964 Matthews recorded his first commercially released LP under his own name with Capitol: Blues with a Touch of Elegance. Though not a financial success, the LP is widely known by musicians and music critics as a masterpiece of jazz composing and arranging.[1] The initial Billboard review was extremely positive putting it in the "Jazz: Special Merit" category.[9] Lefty Louie/Blues Non-Stop, a quartet backed by voices, was also recorded during these sessions and was released as a single on the Capitol label.

July 1964 saw the next Matthews' Capitol album recorded, Sounds of the '60s, but it was not issued until spring 1966.[10] The LP is not as cohesive a project as the first release and did not achieve the same fame as Blues With a Touch of Elegance. The initial Billboard review was quite positive, but did not help boost the sales of an LP that, by the time of its delayed release, was seen as passé.
In October 1966 Matthews was assigned to write for Esther Phillips. His charts were recorded live in 1970, and appeared on the Atlantic release Confessin' the Blues, one of Phillips' best recordings.[1][11] The Phillips release has frequently been miscredited as having been recorded in 1976, due to its repackaging as a compilation; again Matthews' big band backs the primary artist. His other arranging assignments for recordings included work for Herb Alpert and Curtis Amy's 1965 LP The Sounds of Broadway/The Sounds of Hollywood for Palomar Records. He did some writing for Lloyd Price's big band and also the Jazz with Steve KTLA T.V. show from Los Angeles in 1963.[1] From then on there were no more releases by Matthews as leader for Capitol or any other recording label; much was recorded with Capitol and finally released for the first time on the Mosaic Select 29 CD set in 2007.[1]
Matthews was known as a singer, but the only documentation of this is on the 2007 Mosaic set. Producer Michael Cuscuna found three tracks Matthews recorded during this era in July and October 1964, where he overdubbed his singing while fronting his big band. These had never been issued before the Mosaic set was produced.[1]The Onzy Matthews big band was recorded far more on other artists' releases, primarily backing singers, than under his own name.[12]

Ray Charles and other writing[edit]

During the mid-1960s Matthews was able to parlay his earlier arranging success into being offered numerous arranging assignments with singer Ray Charles. All these tracks were recorded for ABC-Paramount Records. March and June 1965 saw two arrangements of Matthews recorded on Charles' LP Country & Western meets Rhythm & Blues.[1] He had one arrangement on the 1966 album Ray's Moods, and three more on Charles' Cryin' Time. Both these 1966 LPs were quite successful, and charted with Billboard. One last chart completed for Ray Charles was done for the single "That's All I Am To You". Matthews arrangement of Driftin' Blues on Cryin' Time is noted as a standout that features a guitar solo by Ray Crawford.[1] More writing assignments during this time include arranging for television shows such as the June 29, 1965 CBS special, It's What's Happening, Baby! featuring numerous contemporary pop acts.[13]

Acting career[edit]

Matthews first worked in Los Angeles night clubs as a singer in the 1950s, and became known as a personality. He had his first television appearance on the KLAC-TV show Hollywood On Television hosted by Al Jarvis, where he sang in duet with co-host Betty White (her first T.V. work). He also broke into acting around Hollywood; Matthews was tall, handsome, and very well spoken.[1] He appeared in the July 1965 NBC Kraft Suspense Theatre episode Connery's Hand[14] and also the February 14, 1966 episode In Search of April from Run for Your Life starring Ben Gazzara which also ran on NBC.[1]

Duke Ellington, Paris, last move to Dallas[edit]

Matthews and his band went on a three-week tour in 1966 for Capitol Records to promote his second LP for the label (Sounds of the '60s!). During a stop in New York City, he met Mercer Ellington and as a result became substitute at the piano for Duke Ellington, who was in failing health. He undertook several collaborations with the Duke Ellington Orchestrathrough the 1970s as an arranger.[15] He co-wrote an unrecorded composition with Ellington, Just a Gentle Word from You Will Do.[1] After Duke Ellington's death in 1974 Matthews eventually had a disagreement with Mercer Ellington in 1979, and later had to settle a pay dispute with Ellington's son arising from Matthews' uncredited arrangements on the 1996 Musicmasters Records CD release Only God Can Make A Tree.[15]
During the 1970s Matthews arranged music on LPs for Earl Hines and Roy Ayers; he also worked on television music for Paul Anka. At that time he moved around between New York, Dallas and Seattle, and at one point worked for Sheraton Resorts in the Virgin Islands, Aruba, and Curaçao as solo pianist and singer. Disenchanted by much of the musical scene, in 1979 Matthews moved to Paris and started another jazz orchestra. Working from there as a composer, arranger, and actor, he appeared in the 1991 movie Dingo playing the trumpeter Caesar alongside Miles Davis.[1]
Matthews returned to New York in 1993 after a financially devastating prostate cancer operation. Mercer Ellington offered Matthews work on his father's Sacred Concert music as an arranger. Matthews also contributed string arrangements for Vanessa Rubin's I'm Glad There Is You album done for RCA Novus during this time. Prompted by his mother's death, in 1994 he moved back to Dallas to be with his father; his father died on May 26, 1995.[16]
Onzy Matthews had a last set of tours and concerts in Europe and Dallas, conducting his own music and that of Duke Ellington in 1996-97; an interview by the Dallas Observer three months before his death outlined his musical career.[15] Matthews died at the age of 67 on November 13, 1997 in his Dallas apartment, of heart failure brought on by arteriosclerosis.
He was an important part of several different musical and cultural movements on the West Coast during the 1950s and 1960s. Matthews was part of the Central Avenue music scene in the 1950s and grew musically from interaction with important jazz musicians such as Lionel Hampton, Dexter Gordon, and Curtis Amy. He also trained at the Westlake College of Music with great composers and arrangers such as Bill Holman, Gary Peacock, Bob Cooper, and Bob Graettinger.[18] Matthews is enigmatic and a hard person to pinpoint; in many ways he did not get nearly the credit he deserved in comparison with big band leaders or musical directors such as Oliver Nelson, Gerald Wilson, or Harold Wheeler.[1][15]
In 2007 Michael Cuscuna produced a set of recordings for Mosaic documenting the music from Onzy Matthews' Capitol recordings.[1][17] This set comprises the two albums he released with his big band plus all the other unissued material recorded at Capitol by Matthews with his band. The first LP, the bossa nova project from 1963, was not put on the market at the time, despite its writing and playing being equal to anything happening during that time in jazz and pop music.[1] Matthews' big bands recorded much more on other artists' LPs than under his own name. He was in demand as an arranger for numerous singers, and the band had a level of success that translated into being a very good live "club date" band and "studio" orchestra. His music and his band never got a real opportunity to stand on its own.[1]

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Frederick William Mausert III (May 1, 1930 – September 12, 1951) was a United States Marine who earned the Medal of Honor in Korea for sacrificing his life after repeated acts of heroism. The nation’s highest military decoration for valor was awarded the young Marine for his extraordinary heroism during the Battle of the Punchbowl on September 12, 1951, at Songnap-yong, where he was killed while leading an assault on enemy positions. He was the 20th Marine to receive the Medal of Honor for heroism during the Korean War.

Frederick William Mausert, III was born on May 2, 1930 in Cambridge, New York. He went to elementary school in Brooklyn, New York, but attended high school in Monson, Massachusetts, where he played baseball, track, and basketball. He lived in Dresher, Pennsylvania, before his enlistment in the Marine Corps on June 21, 1948. He was employed by Glenside Hardware, Glenside, Pennsylvania.
Following recruit training at Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island, South Carolina, he was stationed at Cherry Point and Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, before going to Korea, where he participated in campaigns in South and Central Korea.
In addition to the Medal of Honor, Sgt Mausert has been awarded the Purple Heart with a gold star in lieu of a second award, Good Conduct Medal, Korean Service Medal with one bronze star, and the United Nations Service Medal.

The President of the United States in the name of The Congress takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to
SERGEANT FREDERICK W. MAUSERT, III
UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS
for service as set forth in the following CITATION:
For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while serving as a Squad Leader in Company B, First Battalion, Seventh Marines, First Marine Division (Reinforced), in action against enemy aggressor forces in Korea on 12 September 1951. With his company pinned down and suffering heavy casualties under murderous machine-gun, rifle, artillery and mortar fire laid down from heavily fortified, deeply entrenched hostile strongholds on Hill 673, Sergeant Mausert unhesitatingly left his covered position and ran through a heavily mined and fire-swept area to bring back two critically wounded men to the comparative safety of the lines. Staunchly refusing evacuation despite a painful head wound sustained during his voluntary act, he insisted on remaining with his squad and, with his platoon ordered into the assault moments later, took the point position and led his men in a furious bayonet charge against the first of a literally impregnable series of bunkers. Stunned and knocked to the ground when another bullet struck his helmet, he regained his feet and resumed his drive, personally silencing the machine-gun and leading his men in eliminating several other emplacements in the area. Promptly reorganizing his unit for a renewed fight to the final objective on top of the ridge, Sergeant Mausert boldly left his position when the enemy's fire gained momentum and, making a target of himself, boldly advanced alone into the face of the machine gun, drawing the fire away from his men and enabling them to move into position to assault. Again severely wounded when the enemy's fire found its mark, he still refused aid and continued spearheading the assault to the topmost machine-gun nest and bunkers, the last bulwark of the fanatic aggressors. Leaping into the wall of fire, he destroyed another machine-gun with grenades before he was mortally wounded by bursting grenades and machine-gun fire. Stouthearted and indomitable, Sergeant Mausert, by his fortitude, great personal valor and extraordinary heroism in the face of almost certain death, had inspired his men to sweep on, overrun and finally secure the objective. His unyielding courage throughout reflects the highest credit upon himself and the United States Naval Service. He gallantly gave his life for his country.

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Whitman Blount Mayo (November 15, 1930 – May 22, 2001) was an American actor, best known for his role as Grady Wilson on the 1970s television sitcom Sanford and Son.


Whitman Blount Mayo was born in New York City and grew up in Harlem and Queens. At the age of 17, he moved with his family to Southern California and from there entered the United States Army, serving from 1951 to 1953 during the Korean War. Upon release, he studied at Chaffey College, Los Angeles City College, and UCLA. During this time, he began acting in small parts, while waiting tables and working in the vineyards and as a probation officer, as well as a variety of other small jobs. He also spent seven years as a counselor to delinquent boys.

In the early 1970s, while working for the New Lafayette Theatre, Norman Lear offered Mayo a role as Grady Wilson on Sanford and Son. The character's name was based on Grady Demond Wilson, the actor who played Lamont Sanford. During a period where Redd Foxx did not appear on the show due to a contract dispute, Grady moved into the Sanford house and effectively starred in the show for six episodes.
Mayo later starred in Grady, an unsuccessful spin-off in which his character moved in with his daughter and her husband in Beverly Hills. After its cancellation in 1976, Mayo's Grady character returned to Sanford and Son.
Mayo reprised the role in the unsuccessful 1977 NBC-TV spinoff series Sanford Arms with actor Theodore Wilson, and for two episodes of Sanford, another spinoff ofSanford and Son, this time with Redd Foxx and actor Dennis Burkley, in 1981.
Also in the late 1970s, Mayo appeared on the Los Angeles children's television program That's Cat, offering sage advice in a sweet manner to the main character Alice.
In 1990, he appeared in an episode of In the Heat of the Night titled "Hello in There".
In 1991, he appeared in an episode of Full House titled "The Volunteer". He played a senior named Eddie Johnson with Alzheimer's.
In 1996, Late Night with Conan O'Brien spent several weeks trying to have Mayo appear on the show. Conan even went as far to set up the "Grady Hotline", a 1–800 number where viewers could call in with any Grady "sightings". The show also aired a mock episode of Unsolved Mysteries.[1] On February 8, 1996, Mayo appeared on Late Night to much fanfare.[2][3][4] In 1997, he guest-starred in the Nickelodeon sitcom Kenan and Kel, playing Kenan and Kyra's rude, impatient Uncle Raymond.
Mayo also played a role in The Cape as Sweets, the owner of Moonshot Bar and Grill.
Mayo made several film appearances, including The Main Event with Barbra Streisand, D.C. Cab, Boyz n the Hood, and Waterproof with Burt Reynolds. Mayo also appeared as Reverend Banyon on the BET TV Movie Boycott in 2001 and in an episode of Martin. He hosted Liars and Legends on Turner South.
Mayo taught drama at Clark Atlanta University. He opened a travel agency in Inglewood, California.
Mayo died of a heart attack on May 22, 2001 at Atlanta's Grady Memorial Hospital. He had resided in Atlanta's Collier Heights community since 1994 and was survived by Gail Mayo, his third wife.[5] His son Rahn Mayo became a member of the Georgia House of Representatives in 2009.[6]

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Thomas Joseph Odhiambo "Tom" Mboya (15 August 1930 – 5 July 1969) was a Kenyan trade unionist, educationist, Pan Africanist, author, independence activist, Cabinet Minister and one of the founding fathers of the Republic of Kenya.[1] He spearheaded the negotiations for Independence at the Lancaster House Conferences[2] and was instrumental in the formation of Kenya's independence party, KANU, which he served as its first Secretary General.[3] He laid the foundation for Kenya's capitalist and mixed economy policies at the height of the Cold War and set up several of the country's key labour institutions.[1]
Mboya's intelligence, charm, leadership and oratory skills won him admiration from all over the world.[1] He gave speeches, debates, and interviews across the world in favour of Kenya’s independence from British colonial rule and spoke at several rallies in favour of the civil rights movement in the United States.[4] In 1958, at the age of 28, Mboya was elected Conference Chairman at the All-African Peoples' Conference convened by Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana.[5] He helped build the Trade Union Movement in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania and across Africa. At one time, he served as the Africa Representative to the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU). In May 1959, Mboya called a conference in Lagos, Nigeria to form the first All-Africa ICFTU labour organisation.[6]
He worked with then United States Senator John F. Kennedy (later president of the US) and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr to create education opportunities for African students; this effort resulted in African Airlifts of the 1950s - 60s, which enabled African students to study at US colleges. Notable beneficiaries of this airlift were Wangari Maathai, who later won the Nobel Peace Prize, and Barack Hussein Obama Sr., father of the 44th president of the United States. In 1960, Mboya was the first Kenyan to be featured on the cover of Time Magazine of the United States, in a painting by Bernard Safran.[7]

Thomas Joseph Odhiambo "Tom" Mboya was born in Kilima Mbogo in Central Kenya, to Leonardus Ndiege and Marcella Awour, who were low income sisal farmers. He studied at St.Marys school, Yala for A-level and later sat for a Cambridge School Certificate in 1946 at Holy Ghost College (later Mangu High School). He attended Royal Sanitary Institute's Medical Training School for Sanitary Inspectors at Nairobi, qualifying as an inspector in 1950.[5]
Mboya started working for the city of Nairobi and became involved with the trade union.[5] While still working as a trade union official, Tom Mboya enrolled for a Matriculation Exemption Certificate with the Efficiency Correspondence College of South Africa, majoring in Economics.[5] In 1955 he went to Ruskin College, Oxford to study Industrial Management.[8]
While employed by the Nairobi City Council as a sanitary inspector, Mboya was elected as chairman of the African Staff Association. He developed it into a trade union, which became known as The Kenya Local Government Workers Union.[1] When the colonial government refused to recognize the union, Mboya sued for recognition and won. In 1953 during the Mau Mau War for Independence, Jomo Kenyatta and other leaders of the independence party, Kenya African Union (KAU), were arrested. They asked Mboya to take up leadership of the KAU and continue the struggle.
However, the government banned the KAU. Mboya turned to using the trade unions as a platform to fight for independence. He was elected as Secretary General of the Kenya Federation of Labour (KFL), the umbrella body for trade unions in Kenya. In that role, Mboya gave speeches in London and Washington against British atrocities in Kenya; he also organized several strikes seeking better working conditions for African workers. At that point, the colonial government nearly closed down the labour movement in the effort to suppress his activities.[1] Mboya reached out to other labour leaders across the world, more so in the ICFTU, including American A. Philip Randolph, with whom he was close. Mboya raised funds to build a headquarters for the KFL.
In 1956, after Mboya had returned from the United Kingdom, the colonial government allowed black Africans to run for office and serve in the Legislative Assembly. Tom Mboya was elected from Nairobi.[9] He was elected secretary of the African Caucus (Called African Elected Members Organization - AEMO) and continued a campaign for independence, as well as seeking freedom for Jomo Kenyatta and other political prisoners.[1] He used his incredible diplomacy skills to get support for the independence movement from foreign countries.
In 1961, Jomo Kenyatta was released and together with Oginga Odinga and Mboya, they formed the Kenya African National Union. It negotiated with the UK and colonial government to set conditions for Kenya's independence in 1964. Mboya was instrumental in the talks. He also designed the flag for the new republic.[1]

In the Independent Republic of Kenya, Mboya was appointed as first Cabinet Minister for Labour. He created the National Social Security Fund, Kenya’s social security scheme. He also established an Industrial Court to hear labour-management cases.[1] He was later appointed to the Economic Planning Ministry. Together with Finance Minister Mwai Kibaki, he issued Sessional Paper 10, which defined Kenya’s form of economic policies. Mboya's development plans at the Ministry were credited for Kenya's development rate of 7%, which was sustained during his tenure as the Planning Minister.[1]

He married Pamela Mboya (née Odede) in 1960 at St. Peters Clavers Church, Nairobi.[10] They had five children: Maureen Odero; Nairobi First Lady Dr. Susan Mboya; Luke Mboya; Peter Mboya; Patrick Mboya(who died aged four). After Tom Mboya's death, his widow Pamela Mboya had another son with her brother-in law ,in accordance to Luo tradion, whom she named Tom Mboya, Jr. in his honour. She was appointed as an ambassador. 

Mboya was fatally shot by Nahashon Njoroge in 1969 on Government Road (now Moi Avenue) as he was leaving a chemist, but it was reported in Nairobi that Njoroge had died at 3am on November 8. According to these reports, he went to his death without explaining what he had meant when he asked police after his arrest: Why don’t you go after the big man?” It was due to such statements which rose suspicions that Mboya's shooting was a political assassination. Outrage and despair over his assassination led to riots in the major cities of Kenya. Mboya was buried in an emotional ceremony at his Rusinga Island ancestral home. President Jomo Kenyatta gave a eulogy at Mboya’s requiem mass, saying of his colleague, "Kenya's independence would have been seriously compromised were it not for the courage and steadfastness of Tom Mboya."[1]
  • A statute of Mboya was installed on Moi Avenue, where he was killed.
  • The nearby busy Victoria Street was renamed Tom Mboya Street in his honour.

Thomas Odhiambo Mboya was born on 15 August 1930 in Kilima Mbogo, near Thika town in what was called the White Highlands of Kenya.[11][5]

Mboya was educated at various Catholic mission schools. In 1942, he joined a Catholic Secondary School in Yala, in Nyanza province, St. Mary's School Yala. In 1946, he went to the Holy Ghost College (later Mang'u High School), where he passed well enough to proceed to do his Cambridge School Certificate. In 1948, Mboya joined the Royal Sanitary Institute's Medical Training School for Sanitary Inspectors at Nairobi, qualifying as an inspector in 1950. In 1955, he received a scholarship from Britain's Trades Union Congress to attend Ruskin College, Oxford, where he studied industrial management. Upon his graduation in 1956, he returned to Kenya and joined politics at a time when the British government was gaining control over the Kenya Land Freedom Army Mau Mau uprising.

Mboya's political life started immediately after he was employed at Nairobi City Council as a sanitary inspector in 1950. A year after joining African Staff Association, he was elected its president and immediately embarked at molding the association into a trade union named the Kenya Local Government Workers' Union. This made his employer suspicious, but before they could sack him, he resigned. However, he was able to continue working for the Kenya Labour Workers Union as secretary-general before embarking on his studies in Britain. Upon returning from Britain, he contested and won a seat against incumbent C.M.G. Argwings-Kodhek. In 1957, he became dissatisfied with the low number of African leaders (only eight out of fifty at the time) in the Legislative council and decided to form his own party, the People's Congress Party.
At that time, Mboya developed a close relationship with Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana who, like Mboya, was a Pan-Africanist. In 1958, during the All-African Peoples' Conference in Ghana, convened by Kwame Nkurumah, Mboya was elected as the Conference Chairman at the age of 28.
In 1959, together with the African-American Students Foundation in the United States, Mboya organized the Airlift Africa project, through which 81 Kenyan students were flown to the U.S. to study at U.S. universities. Barack Obama's father, Barack Obama, Sr., was a friend of Mboya's and a fellow Luo; he received a scholarship through the AASF and occasional grants for books and expenses, although he was not on the first airlift plane in 1959, since he was headed for Hawaii, not the continental U.S.. In 1960, the Kennedy Foundation agreed to underwrite the airlift, after Mboya visited Senator Jack Kennedy to ask for assistance, and Airlift Africa was extended to Uganda, Tanganyika and Zanzibar (now Tanzania), Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia), Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), and Nyasaland (now Malawi). Some 230 African students received scholarships to study at Class I accredited colleges in the United States in 1960, and hundreds more in 1961–63.[12]
In 1960, Mboya's People's Congress Party joined with Kenya African Union and Kenya Independence Movement to form the Kenya African National Union (KANU) in an attempt to form a party that would both transcend tribal politics and prepare for participation in the Lancaster House Conference (held at Lancaster House in London) where Kenya's constitutional framework and independence were to be negotiated. As Secretary General of KANU, Mboya headed the Kenyan delegation.
After Kenya's independence on 1 June 1963, Mboya was elected as an MP for Nairobi Central Constituency (today: Kamukunji Constituency)[13] and became Minister of Justice and Constitutional Affairs,[14] and later Minister for Economic Planning and Development. In this role, he wrote the important "Sessional Paper 10" on Harambee and the Principles of African Socialism (adopted by Parliament in 1964), which provided a model of government based on African values.
He retained the portfolio as Minister for Economic Planning and Development until his death at age 38 when he was gunned down on 5 July 1969 on Government Road (now Moi Avenue), Nairobi CBD after visiting Chaani's Pharmacy.[15] Nahashon Isaac Njenga Njoroge was convicted for the murder and later hanged. After his arrest, Njoroge asked: "Why don't you go after the big man?"[16] Who he meant by "the big man" was never divulged, but fed conspiracy theories since Mboya was seen as a possible contender for the presidency. The mostly tribal elite around Kenyatta has been blamed for his death, which has never been subject of a judicial inquiry. Others blame supporters of Jaramogi Oginga Odinga who feared that Mboya was attracting too much support from members of the Luo tribe away from him. During Mboya's burial, a mass demonstration against the attendance of President Jomo Kenyatta led to a big skirmish, with two people shot dead. The demonstrators believed that Kenyatta was involved in the death of Mboya, thus eliminating him as a threat to his political career, although this remains a disputed matter.
Mboya left a wife and five children. He is buried in a mausoleum on Rusinga Island which was built in 1970.[17] A street in Nairobi is named after him.
Mboya's role in Kenya's politics and transformation is the subject of increasing interest, especially with the prominence of American politician Barack Obama. Obama's father, Barack Obama, Sr., was a US-educated Kenyan who benefited from Mboya's scholarship programme in the 1960s, and married during his stay there, siring the future Illinois Senator and President. Obama Sr. had seen Mboya shortly before the assassination, and testified at the ensuing trial. Obama Sr. believed he was later targeted in a hit-and-run incident as a result of this testimony.[18]

Mboya's father Leonard Ndiege was an overseer at a sisal plantation in Kilima Mbogo.[19] Mboya married Pamela Mboya in 1962 (a daughter of the politician Walter Odede). They had five children. Their daughters are Maureen Odero, a high court judge in Mombasa, and Susan Mboya, a Coca-Cola executive, who continues the education airlift program initiated by Tom Mboya, and is married to former Nairobi governor Evans Kidero. Their sons included Lucas Mboya, and twin brothers Peter (died in a 2004 motorcycle accident) and Patrick (died aged four).
After Tom's death, Pamela had one child, Tom Mboya Jr., with Alphonse Okuku, the brother of Tom Mboya.[20] Pamela died of an illness in January 2009 while seeking treatment in South Africa.[15]

Mboya is commemorated by the Tom Mboya Monument in Nairobi. He also planned for the design of Kenyan flag,and master plan of Nairobi city.

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Jerry McCain, often billed as Jerry "Boogie" McCain (June 18, 1930 – March 28, 2012),[1] was an American electric bluesmusician,[2] best known as a harmonica player.[3]
Born near Gadsden, Alabama, United States, he was one of five children of a poor family. Many of his siblings also became involved in music, most notably his brother, Walter, who played drums on some early recordings.[1] McCain picked up the harmonica from itinerant musicians "Chick" and "Shorty" who played at the local bars (and street corners) when he was young.
McCain was a fan of the music of Little Walter and met the artist when, in 1953, he traveled to Gadsden for a show.[1] McCain's recording debut came via Trumpet Records the same year under the name "Boogie McCain", with his brother Walter on drums. The two tracks were "East of the Sun" and "Wine-O-Wine". After recruiting Christopher Collins, who would be with him throughout most of his career, he went on to the Excello label. During his years with the Excello (1955–57) he developed his amplified harmonica style, and unusual blues lyrics. The Excello Label period saw the release of such noted songs as "The Jig's Up", and "My Next Door Neighbor". His later recording for Rex Records "She's Tough" / "Steady" was an inspiration to The Fabulous Thunderbirds, and Kim Wilson duplicated McCain's harp work on their version.[1]
McCain also released singles and albums for Columbia, under their Okeh Records label (1962), and for the Shreveport-based Jewel (1965–68) record label.[1] The complete collection of his Jewel label records are available on a compilation album and, in recent years, several of his early recordings have been released on "retrospective" and compilation CDs, including the Verose Vintage album, Good Stuff. His longest partner, Ichiban Records, also released several retrospectives in the 1990s, including ICH1516-2: Jerry McCain.
In 1989, after a period spent performing and touring with lesser known bands, McCain signed with Ichiban Records, and released the albums: Blues and Stuff, Struttin' My Stuff, and Love Desperado. During his time with Ichiban, McCain also released one record on the Jericho label, This Stuff Just Kills Me, which featured Jimmie Vaughan and Johnnie Johnson.[1] His 1977 release, This Stuff Just Kills Me eventually appeared on the Music Maker label.
In 2002, Ichiban released an album called American Roots: Blues featuring McCain.[1] McCain's abridged work was featured on track 8 of the Rhino Records Blues Masters Volume Four: Harmonica Classics, with an almost lost recording of "Steady". McCain's inclusion in the Blues Master series, was alongside Little Walter, Jimmy Reed, Junior Wells, Howlin' Wolf, Snooky Pryor, and George "Harmonica" Smith.
The City of Gadsden honored McCain by including his own day at their annual Riverfest Event;[4] a four-day music event. The addition of The Jerry McCain Broad Street Blues Bash rounded out the entertainment and allowed many local citizens to experience McCain. A commemorative CD, featuring some of McCain's music, was compiled for sale at the 1997 Riverfest Event. In 1996, McCain was selected by the Etowah Youth Orchestras as the most well-known musician from Gadsden. The EYO commissioned the composer Julius Williams to write a work for solo harmonica and orchestra, to be performed by McCain and the Etowah Youth Symphony Orchestra, as a part of the City of Gadsden's Sesquicentennial Celebration. "Concerto for Blues Harmonica and Orchestra" was premiered in November 1996, on the EYO's Fall Formal Concert at Wallace Hall, on the campus of Gadsden State Community College. McCain performed the solo harmonica part with the EYSO, under the direction of Michael R. Gagliardo. The "Concerto" was subsequently performed in Alice Tully Hall, at the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts in New York City in June 1997, with McCain, the EYSO, and Julius Williams conducting.

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Theodore Edgar McCarrick (born July 7, 1930) is a retired American prelate of the Catholic Church, and a former Cardinal. He served as Archbishop of Washington from 2001 to 2006, and was elevated to the cardinalate in February 2001. Pope Francis accepted his resignation from the College of Cardinals on July 28, 2018, after a series of sexual misconduct allegations.[1]

An only child, McCarrick was born in New York City to Theodore E. and Margaret T. (née McLaughlin) McCarrick.[2] His father was a ship captain who died from tuberculosis when McCarrick was three years old,[3] and his mother then worked at an automobile parts factory in the Bronx.[4] As a child, McCarrick served as an altar boy at the Church of the Incarnation in Washington Heights.[4]
After attending Jesuit Fordham Preparatory School, he studied in Switzerland for a year before returning to the United States and attending Fordham University.[5]
McCarrick later entered St. Joseph's Seminary in Yonkers, from where he obtained a Bachelor of Arts in philosophy (1954) and a Master of Arts in theology (1958).[2]
McCarrick is a polyglot, speaking five languages.[6][7]
McCarrick was ordained to the priesthood by Cardinal Francis Spellman, Archbishop of New York, on May 31, 1958.[8] From 1958 to 1963, he furthered his studies at the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C., earning a Ph.D. in sociology. He then served as an assistant chaplain at the Catholic University, becoming dean of students and director of development.[2]
In May 1977, McCarrick was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of New York and Titular Bishop of Rusibisir by Pope Paul VI. He received his episcopal consecration on the following June 29 from Cardinal Cooke, with Archbishop John Maguire and Bishop Patrick Ahern serving as co-consecrators. He selected as his episcopal motto: "Come Lord Jesus" 
As an auxiliary to Cardinal Cooke, he served as vicar of East Manhattan and the Harlems.[2]

McCarrick was later named the founding Bishop of Metuchen, New Jersey, on November 19, 1981. He was installed at St. Francis of Assisi Cathedral on January 31, 1982. During his tenure, McCarrick erected new parishes in Perth Amboy, Califon, Skillman, Old Bridge, and Three Bridges.[11] He also oversaw the development of the Diocesan Council of Catholic Women, Bishop's Annual Appeal, and ministries for blacks and Hispanics, pro-life activities, and the disabled.[11]

On May 30, 1986, McCarrick was appointed the fourth Archbishop of Newark. He succeeded Peter Leo Gerety, and was installed at the Cathedral of the Sacred Heart on the following July 25. During his tenure, he established the Office of Evangelization, ministries for Hispanics and victims of HIV, and a drug prevention program.[12] He also promoted vocations, and ordained a total of 200 priests for the Archdiocese.[4]

McCarrick became known as an advocate for social justice, once saying, "[T]he Church cannot be authentic unless it takes care of the poor, the newcomers, the needy".[4] During the 1980s, he served as an official observer to the Helsinki Commission and the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe, serving at the behest of the State Department.[12] In 1988, he participated in an interfaith meeting with Fidel Castro to promote religious freedom in Cuba, the first meeting of its kind subsequent to the fall of the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista. McCarrick, as a representative of Irish immigrant families, was chosen to be placed in the Ellis Island Hall of Fame on December 8, 1990.[12]
Within the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB), he served as chairman of the Committee on Aid to the Church in Central and Eastern Europe from 1992 to 1997. In this capacity, he visited such countries as Yugoslavia, the Baltics, and Kazakhstan. He was twice elected to head the USCCB's Committee on Migration, and once asked the Congress "to recognize and support the important task of nurturing new citizens so that they may begin to play a full role in the future of this nation."[12] He later became a member of the Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerants.
He was elected chairman of the Bishops' Committee on International Policy in 1996. His other visits included Bosnia (which he described as "reminiscent of the Holocaust"), China, Poland, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, and Switzerland.[4][12] Joined by Secretary of Labor Alexis Herman, he announced an initiative in 1997 to assure that Catholic school uniforms in his Archdiocese would not be manufactured in sweatshops.[13]
In 1998, in addition to his duties as Archbishop, McCarrick was designated as superior of the Roman Catholic Mission sui iuris of the Turks and Caicos Islands; he delegated this mission to priests of the Neocatechumenal Way.[14]

Pope John Paul II appointed McCarrick Archbishop of Washington in November 2000.[15] McCarrick was formally installed as the fifth archbishop of Washington at the Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle on January 3, 2001.[16] On February 21, 2001, John Paul made him a cardinal,[17][18] assigning him as cardinal priest to the titular church of Ss. Nerei e Achilleo. He was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 2005 papal conclave that selected Pope Benedict XVI.[19]
In June 2004, McCarrick was accused by conservative Catholics of misreading a document from Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, the future Pope Benedict XVI, recommending that Catholic politicians who supported abortion be denied the Eucharist. McCarrick led a successful push to have the USCCB allow the bishops of individual dioceses to make a determination on who was or was not eligible to receive the sacrament rather than forbid all pro-abortion American politicians from doing so. Fr. John Neuhaus said that "The bishops I have talked to have no doubt that [McCarrick’s] presentation did not accurately represent the communication from Cardinal Ratzinger."[20]

On May 16, 2006, Pope Benedict XVI accepted Cardinal McCarrick's resignation as Archbishop of Washington, D.C., upon the latter's reaching the customary age limit of 75, and appointed Donald Wuerl, Bishop of Pittsburgh, as the 6th Archbishop of Washington, DC. From May 16, 2006, until Wuerl's installation on June 22, 2006, McCarrick served as the Apostolic Administrator of the Archdiocese of Washington, an interim post.[21]
After his retirement, McCarrick resided for some time at the Redemptoris Mater Seminary in the Archdiocese of Washington. He subsequently moved to the grounds of the provincial headquarters of the Institute of the Incarnate Word in Chillum, Maryland, in a building on a complex that included a seminary.[22]
McCarrick was named a counselor at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in 2007.[23]
In 2009, McCarrick spoke at the graveside service of U.S. Senator Edward M. Kennedy at Arlington National Cemetery and read from a letter Kennedy had written to Pope Benedict XVI.[24]
Within the church, McCarrick "was always seen as a moderate, centrist presence in the hierarchy, a telegenic pastor who could present the welcoming face of the church, no matter what the circumstances."[25] The Religion News Service identified him in 2014 as "one of a number of senior churchmen who were more or less put out to pasture during the eight-year pontificate of Benedict XVI," adding that after the election of Pope Francis he found himself put "back in the mix."[25] During his retirement, McCarrick pressed House Speaker John Boehner to take up immigration reform. McCarrick spent a significant amount of time traveling and engaging in inter-religious dialogue. In April 2014, at the request of the U.S. State Department, McCarrick (along with a Muslim and an Evangelical cleric) made a trip to the Central African Republic, a country suffering from ethnic and interreligious violence.[25] In May 2014, he traveled with Pope Francis to the Holy Land.[25] McCarrick also traveled to Armenia to discuss Syria with Eastern Orthodox clerics, the Philippines to visit typhoon victims, China for discussions on religious freedom, Iran for talks on nuclear proliferation,[25] and served as a Vatican intermediary for the U.S.-Cuba talks.[26]

A news report by Catholic News Agency, based on interviews with six unnamed priests of the Archdiocese of Newark, described Cardinal McCarrick's actions while Archbishop of Newark. According to this report, when McCarrick would visit the seminary in the Newark diocese, he "would often place his hand on seminarians while talking with them, or on their thighs while seated near them." One of the priests stated that McCarrick "had a type: tall, slim, intelligent - but no smokers." He stated that McCarrick would invite young men to stay at his house on the shore, or to spend the night in the cathedral rectory in central Newark.[27] In response to the story, the Archdiocese of Newark stated that neither the six anonymous priests interviewed for the story, nor anyone else, "has ever spoken to [current Newark Archbishop] Cardinal Tobin about a 'gay sub-culture' in the Archdiocese of Newark."[27]
Michael Reading, who was ordained a priest by McCarrick, stated that he had heard stories about McCarrick's sexual advances toward seminarians when he himself was a seminarian in Newark in 1986.[28]

Between 2005 and 2007, the Diocese of Metuchen and the Archdiocese of Newark paid financial settlements to two priests who had accused McCarrick of abuse.[29][30] These settlements totalled $180,000.[31] $80,000 was paid to abuse victim Robert Ciolek;[32] a portion of this amount was paid by the Archdiocese of Newark (where McCarrick had been archbishop from 1986 to 2001) and was authorized by Newark bishop John J. Myers.[32] Another portion of this amount was paid by the Diocese of Trenton; however, this diocese stated in 2018 that the Ciolek settlement did not concern abuse by McCarrick.[32] In addition, $100,000 was paid in 2006 to an abuse victim by the Diocese of Metuchen (where McCarrick had been bishop from 1981 to 1986).[32] The Diocese of Metuchen paid $53,333.34 for two other sex-abuse complaints (it is unclear whether one of these was the Ciolek settlement); these payments were authorized by Metuchen bishop Paul G. Bootkoski, who also reported the offenses to law enforcement.[32]
According to Cardinal Donald Wuerl, Archbishop of Washington, nobody from these dioceses informed him of these settlements, even after the retired McCarrick began living on the grounds of a seminary in the Archdiocese of Washington.[29][22]
In 2010, clerical abuse expert Richard Sipe published excerpts from the 2005 and 2007 settlement documents.[33]

There have been questions about how much senior Catholic officials might have known about McCarrick's actions.[34] After McCarrick was removed from active ministry on June 20, 2018, numerous bishops facing heavy pressure denied any prior knowledge of McCarrick's misconduct. These denials have been called into question by some.[35]
Father Boniface Ramsey, pastor of St. Joseph’s Church Yorkville in New York City, had repeatedly issued warnings to church officials regarding abuse throughout his career. Ramsey stated that he spoke to Thomas C. Kelly, Archbishop of Louisville, about McCarrick's behavior in 1993.[28] In 2000, Ramsey wrote to the papal nuncio Gabriel Montalvo Higuera, and warned Pope John Paul II about making McCarrick Archbishop of Washington.[36][37][28] On October 11, 2006, Archbishop Leonardo Sandri, the former Vatican substitute for general affairs and current Prefect of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches, wrote to Ramsey and stated that Montalvo Higuera had told Sandri about Ramsey's allegations regarding McCarrick.[38] Ramsey wrote to Cardinal Seán O'Malley in 2015.[36][37][39] O'Malley stated that he never saw the letter, asi it had been handled "at the staff level."[39] Ramsey said that he tried to speak with Cardinal Edward Egan of New York about McCarrick's history, but that Egan "didn't want to hear it."[37]
Documents obtained by The New York Times reveal that in 1994 a priest wrote a letter to Bishop Edward T. Hughes, McCarrick's successor as bishop of Metuchen, stating that McCarrick had inappropriately touched him.[36]
Richard Sipe stated that he wrote a letter to Benedict XVI in 2008 saying that McCarrick's activities "had been widely known for several decades."[36] Sipe delivered a letter to Bishop Robert W. McElroy in 2016 concerning sexual misconduct by McCarrick. McElroy said that nothing could be done because of an inability to determine whether the allegations were credible.[40]
One journalist claims that in a conversation with Joseph W. Tobin, Tobin said that around the time he became Archbishop of Newark in 2016, he heard "rumors" about McCarrick having slept with seminarians, but chose not to believe them, stating that at the time they seemed too "incredulous" to be true.[41] Despite repeated denials, Wuerl, McCarrick's successor as Archbishop of Washington, has been widely suspected of knowing about McCarrick's conduct and failing to take action against him. Although this has not been proven, one writer went so far as to claim that if his denials are true, Wuerl "is the Church's most oblivious cleric."[42]
On August 29, Bishop Steven J. Lopes criticized his fellow bishops and questioned the truthfulness of those claiming to have been ignorant of McCarrick's actions. "I’ll tell you what response I think is not good enough. It’s the parade of cardinals and bishops who have rushed to the television cameras clutching their pectoral crosses, saying, ‘I knew nothing.' I don’t believe it, and I am one of them. I don’t believe it." He continued, "I was a seminarian when Theodore McCarrick was named archbishop of Newark. And he would visit the seminary often, and we all knew."[35]
In 2012, The New York Times Magazine scheduled but never published a story detailing McCarrick's abuse of adult seminarians, based on court documents of the legal settlements between McCarrick and former seminarians, and an interview with one of the victims.[43][44]
On August 16, Cardinal Daniel DiNardo, President of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB), asked Pope Francis to initiate an investigation led by members of both the clergy and the laity into who knew about McCarrick's activities and how he was able to rise in to a high position in the Church despite the allegations against him. On September 20, after a month with no formal response from the Pope, Cardinal Timothy Dolan of New York commented that he was getting "a little bit impatient."[45]
On August 25, 2018 Archbishop Carlo Maria Viganò, former apostolic nuncio to the United States, released an 11-page letter describing a series of warnings to the Vatican regarding McCarrick.[46] Viganò stated that Montalvo, then nuncio to the United States, had informed the Vatican in 2000 of McCarrick's "gravely immoral behaviour with seminarians and priests." Subsequently, Pietro Sambi (nuncio from 2005 to 2011) had informed the Vatican again. In 2006, Viganò -- then working at the Vatican -- wrote his own memo regarding McCarrick. However, he says, nothing was done to stop McCarrick.[46]
In 2008, Viganò says he wrote a second memo, including material from Sipe.[46] As a result, in 2009 or 2010 Pope Benedict XVI allegedly placed severe restrictions on McCarrick's movements and public ministry, not allowing him to travel beyond the grounds of the seminary where he was living and not permitting him to say Mass in public.[46] During this time, however, McCarrick maintained a "robust public presence" full of international travel, public masses, speeches, and the acceptance of awards.[47] He even joined with other bishops to present Pope Benedict a birthday cake.[48] However, according to Viganò, Pope Francis subsequently removed these sanctions and made McCarrick "his trusted counselor", even though Francis "knew from at least June 23, 2013 that McCarrick was a serial predator. He knew that he was a corrupt man, he covered for him to the bitter end."[46] Viganò's credibility was also called into question due to public spats with the Pope over the enforcement of Catholic morality.[49] He also showed staunch disapproval of the resignation of St. Paul and Minneapolis Archbishop John Neinstedt, which occurred during Pope Francis' time in power, and reportedly attempted to end the sex abuse investigation which led to Neinstedt's departure.[50][49]
Viganò also claimed that McCarrick "orchestrated" the appointments of Blase Cupich as Archbishop of Chicago and Joseph Tobin as Archbishop of Newark.[46] Journalists at the time of the appointments of both Cupich and Tobin reported that McCarrick had played the decisive role in recommending both.[51] Viganò stated that he discussed McCarrick's conduct and the penalties surrounding it with McCarrick's successor as Archbishop of Washington, Cardinal Donald Wuerl. After the report was released, Wuerl's spokesperson denied that he was aware of any misconduct by McCarrick.[52] In the letter containing these allegations, Viganò called on Francis and all others who covered up McCarrick's conduct to resign.[46]
Asked to respond to Viganò's allegations the following day, Pope Francis replied that reporters should "do your jobs" and make conclusions themselves based on the testimony presented.[53] Francis confirmed that he had read Viganò's statement, and then told the journalist who had asked the question, "You read the statement attentively, and you make your own judgment. I will not say a single word about this.... I believe the statement speaks for itself, and you have enough journalistic capacity to reach the conclusions."[53]
According to veteran Vatican journalist John Allen, the "clear suggestion" from Francis was that "if they did so, the charges would crumble under their own weight."[54] On August 28, Bishop Thomas J. Paprocki said, in reference to Francis' statment, "Frankly, but with all due respect, that response is not adequate." He called on all Vatican officials, including Francis, to "make public the pertinent files indicating who knew what and when...and provide the accountability that the Holy Father has promised."[55]
Monsignor Jean-François Lantheaume, the former first counsellor at the apostolic nunciature in Washington D.C., confirmed that Viganò had told "the truth" but declined to offer additional comment. In his letter, Viganò had cited Lantheaume as the one who told him about the alleged "stormy" encounter between McCarrick and Sambi in which Sambi informed McCarrick of the sanctions being placed on him.[56]
The New York Times stated that Viganò's letter contained "unsubstantiated allegations and personal attacks", and described it as "an extraordinary public declaration of war against Francis' papacy at perhaps its most vulnerable moment."[48] A number of bishops sharply criticized the letter[57][58] while others called for an investigation.[59][60]
The McCarrick case and Viganò allegations, happening at about the same time as the conclusion of the grand jury investigation of Catholic Church sexual abuse in Pennsylvania, which alleged systematic cover-up of clergy sex abuse by bishops in Pennsylvania over decades, produced what has variously been described as a "Catholic insurgency" or "Catholic civil war." Significant numbers of lay Catholics have called on bishops implicated in alleged cover-ups as well as Pope Francis to resign. The problem has also opened up ideological divisions within the Church. Large numbers of conservatives, many of whom have long disliked Pope Francis, have called on him and certain bishops to resign following the Viganò letter and other revelations, while liberals, most of whom have been supportive of Francis's papacy in the past, have more commonly criticized the letter and defended Francis.[61][62]
On June 20, 2018, Cardinal McCarrick was removed from public ministry by the Holy See after a review board of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York found an allegation "credible and substantiated" that he had sexually abused a 16-year-old altar boy while a priest in New York.[63] Patrick Noaker, the attorney for the anonymous complainant, alleged two incidents at St. Patrick's Cathedral, one in 1971 and the other in 1972.[64] Noaker stated that when measuring the teen for a cassock, McCarrick "unzipped [the boy's] pants and put his hands in the boy's pants."[65]
McCarrick stated that he was innocent of these charges: "I have absolutely no recollection of this reported abuse, and believe in my innocence." He also stated, "In obedience I accept the decision of The Holy See, that I no longer exercise any public ministry."[65][66] Also on June 20, 2018, Tobin revealed that during McCarrick's ministry in New Jersey, there had been accusations of sexual misconduct with three adults, and that two of the allegations had resulted in confidential financial settlements with the complainants.[67][68]
On July 5, Fordham University rescinded an honorary degree and other honors it had granted Cardinal McCarrick.[69][70] The Catholic University of America, where McCarrick earned two degrees and served in a variety of spiritual and administrative positions, revoked the honorary degree it awarded him in 2006.[71]
In late July 2018, a New Jersey man whose uncle had known McCarrick since high school alleged that McCarrick had sexually abused him for 20 years, and that McCarrick had exposed himself to him when he was 11 and had sexually touched him beginning when he was 13.[72][73] On July 16, 2018 The New York Times published a front-page article describing McCarrick's abuse of adult seminarians.[36][74]
On July 27, 2018, Pope Francis ordered McCarrick to observe "a life of prayer and penance in seclusion" and accepted his resignation from the College of Cardinals.[75] McCarrick became the first person to resign from the College of Cardinals since French Cardinal Louis Billot resigned in 1927 when he refused an order to withdraw his support of Action Française, a monarchist movement that Pope Pius XI had condemned.[76] He is also the first cardinal to resign following allegations of sexual abuse.[30] The Pope took this action before the accusations were investigated by church officials, the first time an order of penance and prayer has been issued before a church trial.[77] McCarrick was not laicized(removed from the priesthood) pending the completion of a canonical trial.[30] The Vatican announced on July 28, 2018, that Pope Francis had ordered Archbishop McCarrick (as he now was) to obey an "obligation to remain in a house yet to be indicated to him" and also observe "a life of prayer and penance until the accusations made against him are examined in a regular canonical trial."[78]
On September 10, 2018, the Council of Cardinals- or C9- began a three day meeting to discuss, in part, how to respond to Ramsey's 2006 letter.[79] The C9 issued a joint statement stating the Holy See "is working on formulating potential and necessary clarifications."[79]
Archbishop McCarrick was awarded at least nine honorary degrees, many of which have now been revoked or are currently under consideration for revocation.[80]

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Leo Tarcissus McCarthy (August 15, 1930 – February 5, 2007) was a New Zealand-born American politician and businessman. He served as the 43rd lieutenant governor of California from 1983 to 1995.

McCarthy, whose parents were both natives of Tralee, Ireland, was himself born in Auckland, New Zealand, but emigrated to the United States with his parents Daniel and Nora McCarthy, and siblings when he was three years old. The McCarthy family sailed from the Port of Wellington, New Zealand on the Royal Mail Ship Mazurka, which arrived at the Port of San Francisco, California, on February 9, 1934. He went to elementary school at Mission Dolores. He then went to high school at St. Ignatius College Preparatory in San Francisco, and also attended college and law school within the city, receiving his B.A. in history from the University of San Franciscoand a law degree from San Francisco Law School.

McCarthy served in the United States Air Force, 1951–1952, during the Korean War, briefly taking part in a Strategic Air Commandmission to Saudi Arabia to simulate the start of World War III.[1]

In 1958, the year that saw the Democrats capture statewide offices for the first time since World War II, McCarthy managed the successful campaign for State Senate of John Eugene McAteer, and after the election, served as McAteer's administrative assistant.
McCarthy first ran for office himself in 1963 when he was elected to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors. He served there until 1967. In 1968, he was elected to the State Assembly, serving as speaker of the Assembly from 1974 to 1980. (Art Agnos, elected mayor of San Francisco in 1988, had his political start as McCarthy's first legislative assistant, and later as the speaker's chief of staff.) As speaker, McCarthy earned a reputation as a partisan, take-no-prisoners insider in Democratic Party politics.[2]
McCarthy unexpectedly lost the speakership to Willie Brown in 1980. McCarthy had been facing a stiff challenge from Howard Berman. Seeing his fellow Democrats so divided, Brown worked with Republicans to gain the speakership. Both of the losers in this struggle soon left the legislature. Berman ran for Congress and McCarthy ran for statewide office.

McCarthy was first elected to statewide office to the first of three consecutive four-year terms as lieutenant governor of California in 1982, at the same time that Republican George Deukmejian was elected governor. In 1986, the incumbent McCarthy ran against Republican Mike Curb, a former film producer and music promoter with a reputation for opposing drug use by artists. In a hotly contested race for lieutenant governor that centered largely around violent crime and drug policy, McCarthy sought to denigrate Curb's image with voters as an anti-drug campaigner by alleging that Curb made a fortune in making 'exploitation films' that glorified drugs, sex, and violence.[3] Curb was so incensed at the charges that he filed a $7-million libel and slander suit against McCarthy, who ultimately won the election.[4]
Despite his election to lieutenant governor, the controversy surrounding the McCarthy campaign's tactics in the 1986 race was never fully dispelled, and in 1988, McCarthy lost an election bid for the United States Senate against the Republican incumbent Pete Wilson. McCarthy later won a third term as lieutenant governor in 1990, with Wilson winning the election for governor.

In 1992, McCarthy entered the Democratic primary election for the United States Senate, but lost the nomination to Congresswoman(and later general election winner) Barbara Boxer. McCarthy retired from public office at the end of his third term as lieutenant governor on January 2, 1995, having been prohibited from seeking re-election to a fourth term in office due to term limits in state law, and was succeeded by fellow Democratic then-State Controller and future Governor Gray Davis. McCarthy's twelve years are the longest any California lieutenant governor has served. Upon leaving politics, he created an investment company, The Daniel Group, named for his father and located in San Francisco.
He helped found the Leo T. McCarthy Center for Public Service and the Common Good at the University of San Francisco.

McCarthy was married on December 17, 1955 to the former Jacqueline Lee Burke. They had four children (Sharon, Conna, Adam and Niall) and eleven grandchildren. After a long illness, McCarthy died from a kidney ailment at his home in San Francisco on February 5, 2007.[5]

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Patricia Joan "Pat" McCormick (born May 12, 1930) is a retired American diver, who won both diving events at two consecutive Summer Olympics, in 1952 and 1956. She won the James E. Sullivan Award for best amateur athlete in the US in 1956 – the second woman to do so.
As a child in the 1930s and 1940s she was notable for executing dives that were not allowed in competition for female divers (dives reputed to scare most men) and for practicing off the Los Alamitos Bridge in Long Beach, California Harbor.[2] She attended Woodrow Wilson Classical High School, Long Beach City College, and California State University, Long Beach.[3]
After the Olympics McCormick did diving tours and was a model for Catalina swimsuits. She served on the Los Angeles 1984 Summer Olympics organizing committee and began a program called "Pat's Champs"—a foundation to help motivate kids to dream big and to set practical ways to succeed.[4]
McCormick's husband John was the AAU champion in the platform in 1950–51. Their daughter Kelly (born 1960) won two Olympic medals in diving. McCormick also had a son, who was born five months before the 1956 Olympics.[1]

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