Ruth M. Kirk (February 2, 1930 – June 17, 2011)[1] was an American politician who represented the 44th legislative district in the Maryland House of Delegates.[2] She was elected 7 times and served a total of 28 years representing west and west central Baltimore.
Born Ruth Simmons in Baltimore, Delegate Kirk was the fifth of eight children. She attended Baltimore City public schools through the ninth grade and later received a GED. Prior to being elected to The Maryland General Assembly, Kirk held jobs as a house cleaner and in early childhood education. In 1970, Kirk took a job at Paul Laurence Dunbar High School (Baltimore, Maryland), working as a teacher's aide.[3]
Kirk was first elected in 1982 and sworn in as a member of House of Delegates on January 12, 1983. She was appointed to the Constitutional and Administrative Law Committee and served on it until its elimination in 1990. She was then appointed to the Economic Matters Committee where she served until 2011. There, she served on its deathcare industry work group; workers' compensation subcommittee, 1995–2003; real estate & housing subcommittee, 1999–2003; business regulation subcommittee, 2003–11; property & casualty insurance subcommittee, 2003–06). During her career in the legislature, Kirk also sedrved as a member of the Tort and Insurance Reform Oversight Committee, 1993; the House Facilities Committee, 1993–2011; the Joint Committee on Federal Relations, 1999–2004; the Protocol Committee, 2007–11, the Liaison Work Group of the Baltimore City Delegation, the Legislative Black Caucus of Maryland (formerly Maryland Black Caucus), 1983-2011 (member, nominating committee, 2000–11, redistricting committee, 2000–11; past chair, budget committee; past treasurer), the Women Legislators of Maryland, 1983-2011 (president, 1994); the Maryland Veterans Caucus, 2006–11, and the National Black Caucus of State Legislators. Outside of the legislature she was a member of the National Order of Women Legislators; and the Southern Legislative Conference (economic development, transportation & cultural affairs committee, 2005–11; fiscal affairs & government operations committee, 2005–11).[4]
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Aaron E. Klein (July 8, 1930[1] – March 14, 1998,[2] Betterton, Maryland) was the author of many science and history of science books for young readers. He was a 1953 graduate of the University of Pennsylvania.[2]
Klein had three careers: As an instructor at the secondary and college levels, in the field of educational publishing, and writing advertising and editorial copy to be read by physicians. Most of the time, Aaron Klein wrote his books as a part-time freelancer. He once described his writing career by saying: "I work full time to make a living. Then I write a book, I buy a car."
Aaron E. Klein wrote on a variety of topics,[3] including genetics, African-American scientists and inventors, polio vaccines, botany, extra-sensory perception, electron microscopes, electric cars, gadgets, railroads, trains and many others. His wife Cynthia Klein edited and indexed his books and typed his manuscripts. She also co-authored several of his books, including "The Better Mousetrap: A Miscellany of Gadgets, Labor-Saving Devices and Inventions That Intrigue." and "Mind Trips: The Story of Consciousness-Raising Movements."
Klein was born and brought up in Atlanta, Georgia, where he lived until the age of seventeen. Growing up, he witnessed many examples of racism and at least one incident of deadly racial violence. He was also, as a youth, once beaten by his own friends for allowing black kids into his basement to see his chemistry set. Mr. Klein described this latter incident in the dedication of his book "The Hidden Contributors, Black Scientists and Inventors in America."
Mr. Klein married in 1958 to Cynthia Klein. The Kleins raised two sons, Eric, born in 1960 and Jason, born in 1965.
Aaron was widowed in 1993, losing Cynthia to lung cancer. In 1995, Mr. Klein retired to Maryland's Eastern Shore of the Chesapeake Bay (Betterton, MD), hoping to sail and explore his interest in astronomy. He had a brief retirement, losing his own life to cancer in 1998. His ashes are interred in New Haven, Connecticut, next to his wife, Cynthia, and near the graves of his mother, stepfather, and his wife's parents. His epitaph, written by his older son, contains the words, "Outstanding Intellect and Gentle Spirit."
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Dewey Willard Knight Jr.(May 12, 1930 – June 21, 1995) was the first black social worker for Kendall Children's Home in Miami, Dewey W. Knight Jr.[1] was considered a pioneer for his work in the early 1960s. Dewey continued his work throughout the 1960s and became the first black department director and the only black Deputy County Manager in Miami-Dade County administration's history.
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Dewey Willard Knight Jr.(May 12, 1930 – June 21, 1995) was the first black social worker for Kendall Children's Home in Miami, Dewey W. Knight Jr.[1] was considered a pioneer for his work in the early 1960s. Dewey continued his work throughout the 1960s and became the first black department director and the only black Deputy County Manager in Miami-Dade County administration's history.
Dewey Knight Jr. was born and raised in Daytona Beach where he also spent most of his childhood. from an early age, he was determined early on to make a difference in the world and long before the Civil Rights marches of the 1960s, he earned himself a Bachelor of Science degree from Bethune-Cookman College in 1951.[1] Knight as a Daytona Beach native who earned a B.S. degree in Business Administration from Bethune-Cookman College in 1951.
While at college, Knight joined Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity He then served a four-year tour in the United States Air Force and then returned to complete his Masters in Social Work from Atlanta University which he finished in 1957.[1] Knight as a Daytona Beach native who earned a B.S. degree in Business Administration from Bethune-Cookman College in 1951. After a four-year tour of duty in the U.S. Air Force, he returned to school and earned a master's degree in social work from Atlanta University in 1957.
Knight is best known for his devotion of his time to improving the lives of the underprivileged. It is documented that he turned down offers to become the County Manager for Dade County, in order to continue serving those who needed him more directly.[2] He moved up to management positions and became the county's first black deputy county manager and assistant county manager.
As the voice of reason during times of social and political unrest, Dewey Knight pivotal role in quelling the Miami riots of 1980.[3]
He began his career in social work in a professional setting at the Kendall Children's Home in Miami, Florida in 1959. He was a caseworker who cared for the welfare of children and families throughout that community. He was noted for helping the voiceless, commitment for charity in his region, honesty and integrity. To honor his efforts, a "Dewey W. Knight, Jr./Ann-Marie Adker Fair Housing Center" was established in his honor.[4]
While he was a caseworker and the first black social worker for Kendall Children's Home, he helped to integrate the local youth home, despite threats of jail time from local courts while doing so.[5]
Knight eventually rose to the rank of department director for the Welfare Department. He was the first black individual to hold such a high position within the social services department in Dade County. His focus turned to providing intensive counseling for individuals as well as families on welfare and he opened the first Neighborhood Youth Cooperation Program that served out-of-school youth. He also established a residence home and halfway house for troubled teens.
In 1969, he took on the interim role of head of the Division of Youth Services. He was heavily involved in the new War on Poverty program established by the federal government and also took on the challenge of working with the Neighborhood Development Program.[6]
In 1970, Knight accepted the role of Acting Director of Housing and Urban Development. In the same year, he was appointed Assistant County Manager—the first black person to command this post.
While serving as assistant county manager, organized the Department of Human Resources and began the process for what would become the Elderly Services Program. He served as acting County Manager in 1976, 1987, and 1988 and was promoted to First Deputy County Manager in 1985. He served more than 1.8 million residents of Dade County. He was and remains the only black person to ever hold this position.[2] Knight, who retired in 1988, began his 29-year service in Dade County government as a social worker for the welfare agency. He quickly moved up to management positions and became the county's first black deputy county manager and assistant county manager.
Dewey W. Knight Jr. was offered the position of County Manager several times throughout the years,[2] though he chose to not accept, citing family as his main priority.
Also important to note is that Dewey Knight Jr. founded The National Association of Black Public Administrators,(NABPA).
He is also one of only three Distinguished Public Servants to have their portrait displayed in the Miami-Dade County Stephen P. Clark Government Center.
As a clinical professor at Barry University's Graduate School of Social Work, Knight served his community and its people in more ways than just professional. At Barry University, he taught and mentored upcoming administrators within the industry. His commitment to social work and community service programs earned him a wonderful reputation throughout Dade County and his impact stretched far beyond the county limits.[2] Though he could well afford it with his rise in the ranks, Knight, a widower, never moved from his Liberty City home, where he raised his family and helped his neighbors.
Knight married Clara Louise Brown and moved to her original birthplace of Miami in 1959. He and Clara had two sons, Dewey III and Patrick. Despite his social and professional successes, he continued to live in the same community, surrounded by the people that he not only served, but also considered friends and family, for the entirety of his life.[1] Knight moved to Miami, birthplace of his wife, Clara Louise Brown, in 1959. His first job was at the Kendall Children’s Home. A dynamic employee who was deeply concerned with children and families, he quickly rose from his first position as a caseworker to become the first black social worker for that agency. Knight also Joined the ( Alpha Rho Boule) Sigma Pi Phi Fraternity .
His memory was honored on February 23, 1996 with the dedication of the Dewey W. Knight Jr. Family Medical Center. This walk-in minor emergency care center opened by North Shore Hospital serves the community.[9]
There is a scholarship program in his honor at the Florida International University.[10]
State Road 112 between I-95 and Miami International Airport was renamed Dewey Knight Jr. Memorial Highway in his honor.
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Satoru Kobayashi (小林悟 Kobayashi Satoru) was a Japanese film director most famous for directing the first pink film, the type of softcore pornographic films that became the most prolific film genre in Japan during the 1960s and 1970s. Japanese sources claim that Kobayashi directed over 400 pink films between 1960 and 1990, making him possibly the most prolific Japanese film director.[2][3]
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Tamio "Tommy" Kono (June 27, 1930 – April 24, 2016) was an American weightlifter in the 1950s and 1960s. Kono set world records in four different weight classes:[2] lightweight (149 pounds or 67.5 kilograms), middleweight (165 lb or 75 kg), light-heavyweight (182 lb or 82.5 kg), and middle-heavyweight (198 lb or 90 kg).[3]
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Satoru Kobayashi (小林悟 Kobayashi Satoru) was a Japanese film director most famous for directing the first pink film, the type of softcore pornographic films that became the most prolific film genre in Japan during the 1960s and 1970s. Japanese sources claim that Kobayashi directed over 400 pink films between 1960 and 1990, making him possibly the most prolific Japanese film director.[2][3]
Kobayashi directed over 400 pink films between 1960 and 1990, making him possibly the most prolific Japanese film director.[2][3]
Contents
[hide]Life and career[edit]
Early life[edit]
Satoru Kobayashi was born in Nagano Prefecture on August 1, 1930.[1] His family owned a hot-spring resort hotel.[1] As a teenager during World War II, Kobayashi was involved in anti-war activities, resulting in his torture by the Japanese military police.[4][5] In an interview with the Director's Guild, Kobayashi claimed that it was this first-hand experience with torture that gave him his interest and adeptness with the sado-masochistic genre of pink film in which he often worked.[4]
Kobayashi left Nagano for Tokyo, where he studied theater. He became involved with butoh, worked as a set designer, and wrote theatrical criticism while in university.[1] In 1954 he joined Shintoho studios as an assistant director.[1] Here he worked under ero guro masters Teruo Ishii and Hiroshi Shimizu, as well as Kinuyo Tanaka, Japan's first female director.[1][4] Kobayashi's directorial debut was with the independently produced Crazy Desire (狂った欲望 Kurutta Yokubō) (1959).[1][6] For Shintoho Kobayashi made ten more films with such exploitable titles as Dangerous Temptation, Three Women Burglars and Phantom Detective: Terrifying Alien (all 1960).[1]
When Shintoho declared bankruptcy in 1961, Kobayashi was forced to seek work elsewhere.[7] After a year out of the director's chair, Kobayashi wrote and directed the independent sex-film Flesh Market (1962).[6] Shintoho's female pearl-diver films with actress Michiko Maeda had become notorious in the 1950s as the first Japanese films with nude scenes. Flesh Market was the first Japanese film to show breasts on screen. The film was released on February 27, 1962, and shut down by the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department the next day. It became the first post-World War II movie to be accused of obscenity.[8] When the film was cleared for release the next year, seven scenes had been cut.[9] Flesh Marketwas an independent and underground film, and played only in "Adult" theaters.[10] Nevertheless, perhaps because of the controversy surrounding the release of the film, Flesh Market was a box-office success.[1] Made for only 6-8 million yen, the film brought in over 100 million yen, a huge profit for an independent release.[1][9] The success of this film started the pink film genre, which was to become one of the most vital genres of Japanese domestic cinema for the next 40 years.[3] The star of the film, Tamaki Katori, would go on to appear in over 600 pink films during the 1960s, earning the nickname "The Pink Princess."[9] Today only 21 minutes of Flesh Market survive, preserved in the National Film Centre.[1]
Flesh Market was only the beginning of Satoru Kobayashi's career in pink films. Between 1960 and 1990, he made over 400 such films.[2] His interest in horror also expressed itself in such supernatural thrillers as Okinawa Ghost Story (沖縄怪談 Okinawa kaidan) (1962)– also starring Tamaki Katori[11]– and Caucasian Ghost (怪談異人幽霊 Kaidan Ijin Yūrei)(1963).[12] For Ōkura Eiga (later OP Eiga), the new company of Mitsugu Ōkura, the former president of Shintoho, Kobayashi filmed The Mysterious Pearl of the Ama, a revival of the Michiko Maeda-era pearl-diver films.[13]
Kobayashi made a major miscalculation by attempting to deal with a socially significant theme in Impotence (不能者 Funosha) (1966). According to advertising, the film purported to be "The first film dealing with the modern illness!"[14] Typical of early pink films, the camera-work in Impotence makes careful use of camera angles and props to imply more than is shown.[15] However, as the Weissers point out in their Japanese Cinema Encyclopedia: The Sex Films, the subject of impotence was a poor choice for a pink film.[14] After this box-office failure, Kobayashi quickly moved back to more standard pink film subject-matter.[14]
Disheveled Hair (みだれ髪 Midaregami) (1967) had Kobayashi back in more familiar and successful territory. A story of romance between the girls and guests at a hot spring resort, the film's freshness and freedom was in welcome contrast to Impotent's heavy-handed moodiness. The star of the film, actress Yasuko Matsui, was Kobayashi's wife. She starred in or appeared in many of Kobayashi's films of the 1960s. The popularity of this film inspired the studio– Mutsukuni Eiga– to make a quick sequel. However this second film departed from the original's story, lacked director Kobayashi and Yasuko Matsui, and was not well received.[2]
Kobayashi directed Matsui again, with two other prominent pink film actresses of the time, in Pleasure of a Bitch (あばずれの悦楽 Abazure no Kairaku) (1967). This action-filled sex film had the trio disguising themselves as men to rob a bank.[2] Kobayashi became a director for Nikkatsu's Roman Porno series in the 1970s and Ms. Matsui followed him to the studio. Though, by this time, she was considered too old to be a leading character in these films, Matsui was often given prominent supporting roles.[16]
Kobayashi's output did not slow in later years. He directed Roman Porno Queen Junko Miyashita in her film debut in I Lost Control of Myself Like This (1971).[17] From 1972 until 1983 he made pink films for the Shochiku subsidiary, Tōkatsu.[18] L'ambition dans le miroir (1972), his first film for the studio, was one of Kobayashi's largest productions.[18] Other titles Kobayashi made for Tōkatsu include Pervert's Pitfall and The High School Girl Who Likes to Be Watched (both 1976), Peeping Assault (1977) and Looking from Below(1981).[18]
Kobayashi kept up with changes in the Japanese adult entertainment field. During the "Big Bust Boom", in the wake of Kimiko Matsuzaka's February 1989 debut, Kobayashi directed several films in that genre. He directed early big-bust AV performer Natsuko Kayama's Big Tit Against Big Tit, Rubbing! (巨乳ＶＳ巨乳 こする！ Kyonyū tai Kyonyū: Kosuru!) (1990) for Excess, Nikkatsu's post-Roman Porno line of theatrical softcore pornography.[3][19] Kobayashi also directed prominent post-Kimiko Matsuzaka era big-bust performer Shinobu Hosokawa in two films, Big Tit Soap, Come in the Valley! (巨乳ソープ 谷間でイって！ Kyonyū Soap Tanimade Itte!) (1996)[20] and Big Tit Rape, Forced Paizuri (巨乳レイプ 強制パイズリ Kyonyū Reipu: Kyōsei Paizuri) (1997).[21] He produced and directed prominent AV idol Nao Saejima in her theatrical release, Erotic Ghost Story: Female Ghost in Heat (色欲怪談 発情女ゆうれい Shikiyoku Kaidan: Hatsujō Onna Yūrei) (1995).[22]
When Kobayashi's mentor, Teruo Ishii, planned his 1999 remake of Nobuo Nakagawa's Jigoku (1960), Kobayashi served as producer. Together with Ishii, Kobayashi was able to persuade Michiko Maeda, who had been banned from Japanese cinema 42 years before, to make her come-back appearance in the film.[23] In 2000, Kobayashi formed his own production company, and continued directing films until the year of his death.[6] Kobayashi died of bladder cancer on November 15, 2001.[24][25]
Besides having a major impact on Japanese domestic cinema by introducing the pink film genre, the number of Kobayashi's feature films– over 400– makes him possibly the most prolific film director in Japan's cinematic history.[3] The 2001 Pink Grand Prix– the leading award ceremony for the pink film– gave Kobayashi a posthumous Special Award for his career.[26]
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Vladimir Borisovich Kobrin (Владимир Борисович Кобрин; 1930-1990) was a leading authority on the aristocracy of late medieval Russia.
He graduated from the Moscow University in 1951 and continued Stepan Veselovsky's studies of medieval Russian aristocracy after the latter's death in 1952.[1] He viewed the Oprichnina as a prop for Ivan IV's dictatorship and described it as a social catastrophe. Kobrin's popular biography of Ivan the Terrible was published in 1989.
After the Perestroika was launched in 1985, Kobrin was involved in the publication of A. A. Zimin's controversial manuscripts.[2]
The oprichnina (Russian: опри́чнина, IPA: [ɐˈprʲitɕnʲɪnə]) was a state policy implemented by Tsar Ivan the Terrible in Russia between 1565 and 1572. The policy included institution of secret police, mass repressions, public executions, and confiscation of land from Russian aristocrats. The six thousand political police were called oprichniki, and the term oprichnina also applies to the secret police organization,[1] to the corresponding period of Russian history, and to the territory in which, during that period, the Tsar ruled directly and in which his oprichniki operated.[2]
The term oprichnina, which Ivan coined for this policy, derives from the Russian word oprich (Russian: опричь, apart from, except).
In 1558, after the Livonian Confederation refused to pay tribute to Russia, Tsar Ivan IV started the Livonian war. A broad coalition, which included Poland, Lithuania and Sweden, became drawn into the war against Russia. The war became drawn-out and expensive. Raids by Crimean Tatars, Polish and Lithuanian invasions, famines, a trading blockade and escalating costs of war ravaged Russia.
In 1564 Prince Andrei Kurbsky, who had defected to the Lithuanians, led the Lithuanian army against Russia, devastating the Russian region of Velikiye Luki.
Tsar Ivan began to suspect that other aristocrats were also ready to betray him.[3]
V.O. Klyuchevskii and S.B. Veselovskii explained the oprichnina in terms of Ivan's paranoia and denied larger social aims for the oprichnina.[4] However, historian Sergey Platonovargued that Ivan IV intended the oprichnina as a suppression of the rising boyar aristocracy.[5] Professor Isabel de Madariaga has expanded this idea to explain the oprichnina as Ivan’s attempt to subordinate all independent social classes to the autocracy.[6]
On December 3, 1564, Ivan IV departed Moscow on pilgrimage. While such journeys were routine for the throne, Ivan neglected to set the usual arrangements for rule in his absence. Moreover, an unusually large personal guard, a significant number of boyars, and the treasury accompanied him.[7]
After a month of silence, Ivan finally issued two letters from his fortifications at Aleksandrova Sloboda on January 3. The first addressed the elite of the city and accused them of embezzlement and treason. Further accusations concerned the clergy and their protection of denounced boyars. In conclusion, Ivan announced his abdication. The second letter addressed the population of Moscow and claimed “he had no anger against” its citizenry. Divided between Sloboda and Moscow, the boyar court was unable to rule in absence of Ivan and feared the wrath of the Muscovite citizenry. A boyar envoy departed for Aleksandrova Sloboda to beg Ivan to return to the throne.[8]
Ivan IV agreed to return on condition that he may prosecute people for treason outside legal limitations. He demanded that he execute and confiscate the land of traitors without interference from the boyar council or church. To pursue his investigations, Ivan decreed the creation of the oprichnina (originally a term for land left to a noble widow, separate from her children's land). He also raised a levy of 100,000 rubles to pay for the oprichnina[9]
The oprichnina consisted of a separate territory within the borders of Russia, mostly in the territory of the former Novgorod Republic in the north. This region included many of the financial centers of the state, including the salt region of Staraia Russa and prominent merchant towns. Ivan held exclusive power over the oprichnina territory. The Boyar Council ruled the zemshchina ('land'), the second division of the state. Until 1568, the oprichnina relied upon many administrative institutions under zemshchina jurisdiction. Only when conflict between the zemshchina and oprichnina reached its peak did Ivan create independent institutions within the oprichnina.[10]
Ivan also stipulated the creation of a personal guard known as the oprichniki. Originally it was a thousand strong. The noble oprichniki Aleksei Basmanov and Afanasy Viazemsky oversaw recruitment. Nobles and townsmen free of relations to the zemshchina or its administration were eligible for Ivan’s new guard.[11] Henri Troyat has emphasized the lowly origin of the oprichnina recruits.[12] However, historian Vladimir Kobrin has contested that a shift to the lower classes constituted a late development in the oprichnina era. Many early oprichniki had close ties to the princely and boyar clans of Russia.[13]
Territorial divisions under the oprichnina led to mass resettlement. When the property of zemshchina nobles fell within oprichnina territory, oprichniki seized their lands and forced the owners onto zemshchina land. The oprichnina territory included primarily service estates. Alexander Zimin and Stepan Veselovsky have argued that this division left heredity landownership largely unaffected. However, Platonov and other scholars have posited that resettlement aimed to undermine the power of the landed nobility. Pavlov has cited the relocation of zemshchina servicemen from oprichnina territories onto heredity estates as a critical blow to the power of the princely class. The division of hereditary estates diminished the influence of the princely elites in their native provinces.[14] The worst affected was the province of Suzdal which lost 80% of its gentry.[15]
The oprichniki enjoyed social and economic privileges under the oprichnina. While zemshchina boyars lost both heredity and service land, the oprichniki retained hereditary holdings that fell in zemshchina land. Moreover, Ivan granted the oprichnina the spoils of a heavy tax levied upon the zemshchina nobles. The rising oprichniki owed their allegiance to Ivan, not heredity or local bonds.[16]
The first wave of persecutions targeted primarily the princely clans of Russia, notably the influential families of Suzdal'. Ivan executed, exiled, or tortured prominent members of the boyar clans on questionable accusations of conspiracy. 1566 saw the oprichnina extended to eight central districts. Of the 12,000 nobles there, 570 became oprichniks, and the rest were expelled. They had to make their way to the zemschina in mid-winter; peasants who helped them were executed.[17] In a show of clemency, Ivan recalled a number of nobles to Moscow. The Tsar even called upon zemshchina nobles for a zemskii soborconcerning the Livonian War. Ivan posed the question whether Russia should surrender the Livonian territories to recently victorious Lithuania or maintain the effort to conquer the region. The body approved war measures and advanced emergency taxes to support the draining treasury.
However, the zemskii sobor also forwarded a petition to end the oprichnina. The Tsar reacted with a renewal of the oprichnina terror. He ordered the immediate arrest of the petitioners and executed the alleged leaders of the protest. Further investigations tied Ivan Federov, leader of the zemshchina duma, to a plot to overthrow Tsar Ivan; Federov was removed from court and executed shortly thereafter.[18]
The overthrow of King Erik XIV of Sweden in 1568 and the death of Ivan's second wife in 1569 exacerbated Ivan's suspicions. His attention turned to the northwestern city of Novgorod. The second-largest city in Russia, Novgorod housed a large service nobility with ties to some of the condemned boyar families of Moscow. Despite the sack of the city under Ivan III, Novgorod maintained a political organization removed from Russia’s central administration. Moreover, the influence of the city in the northeast had increased as the city fronted the military advance against the Lithuanian border. The treasonous surrender of the border town Izborsk to Lithuania also caused Ivan to question the faith of border towns.
Ivan IV and an oprichniki detachment instituted a month-long terror in Novgorod (the Massacre of Novgorod). The oprichniki raided the town and conducted executions among all classes. As the Livonian campaign constituted a significant drain on state resources, Ivan targeted ecclesiastical and merchant holdings with particular fervor. After Novgorod, the oprichniki company turned to the adjacent merchant city Pskov. The city received relatively merciful treatment. The oprichniki limited executions and focused primarily upon the seizure of ecclesiastical wealth. According to a popular apocryphal account, a mad religious ascetic prophesied the fall of Ivan and thus motivated the deeply religious Tsar to spare the city. Alternatively, Ivan may have felt no need to institute a terror in Pskov due to his prior sack of the city in wake of the Izborsk treason. The dire financial condition of the state and the need to bolster the war treasury likely inspired the second raid.[19]
Ivan IV maintained the heightened terror as he returned to Moscow. A series of particularly brutal open-air executions took place in Moscow's Pagan Square.[citation needed] The persecutions began to target the oprichnina leadership itself. The tsar had already refused Basmanov and Viazemsky participation in the Novgorod campaign. Upon his return, Ivan condemned the two to prison, where they died shortly thereafter. Pavlov links Ivan's turn against the higher echelons of oprichniki to the increasing number of the lower-born among their ranks. Ivan may have reacted to the apparent discontent among the princely oprichniki over the brutal treatment of Novgorod. Furthermore, class disparity may have set the lower recruits against the princely oprichniki. As Ivan already suspected the older oprichniki on the issue of Novgorod, the lower-born recruits may have advanced the new persecutions to increase their influence in the oprichnina hierarchy.[20]
1572 saw the fall of the oprichnina state structure. The zemshchina and oprichnina territories were reunited and placed under rule of a reformed Boyar Council, which included members from both sides of the divided apparatus.[21]
Scholars have cited diverse factors to explain the dissolution of the oprichnina. The Crimean Tatars burnt Moscow in 1571 during the Russo-Crimean War, the oprichniki failing to offer serious resistance. The success of the Tatars may have shaken the Tsar’s faith in the effectiveness of the oprichnina. Ivan may have found state division ineffective in a period of war and its significant social and economic pressures. Alternatively, Ivan may have deemed the oprichnina a success; the weakening of the princely elite achieved, the Tsar may have felt that the terror had simply outlived its usefulness.[22]
Scholar Robert O. Crummey and Platonov have emphasized the social impact of the mass resettlements under the oprichnina. The division of large estates into smaller oprichnik plots subjected the peasants to a stricter landowning dominion. Furthermore, a new itinerant population emerged as state terror and the seizure of lands forced many peasants from their lands. The increase in itinerants may have motivated the ultimate institutionalization of serfdom by the Russian throne.[23]
Historian Isabel de Madariaga has emphasized the role of the oprichnina in the consolidation of aristocratic power. Resettlement drastically reduced the power of the heredity nobility. Oprichniki landowners who owed their loyalty to the throne replaced an aristocracy that may have evolved independent political ambitions.[24] Alternatively, Crummey has summarized the social effects of the oprichnina as a failure. From this perspective, the oprichnina failed to pursue coherent social motives and instead pursued a largely unfocused terror.[25] Such interpretations are derived from the 1960s works by Ruslan Skrynnikov who described the Oprichnina as the reign of terror designed to root out every possible challenge to the autocracy:
Ivan Lazhechnikov wrote the tragedy The Oprichniki (Russian: Опричники), on which Tchaikovsky based his opera The Oprichnik. In turn, Tchaikovsky's opera inspired a 1911 painting by Apollinary Vasnetsov, depicting a city street and people fleeing in panic at the arrival of the oprichniki.
A fantasy variation on the Oprichnina appears in the Japanese light novel franchise Gate. It retains the name, purpose, activities, dog head motif, and even the use of brooms from the historic original.
Vladimir Sorokin's 2006 novel Day of the Oprichnik envisions a dystopian near future in which the Russia monarchy and oprichnina have been reestablished. The novel's oprichnina drive red cars with several dog heads as hood ornaments, rape and kill dissenting nobles, and consume massive amounts of alcohol and narcotics, all while praising the monarchy and the Russian Orthodox Church.***********************************************************************************************************************
Hossein Osmani (Kurdish: حوسێن عوسمانی 28 September 1930 in Darvaleh-ye Pain, Kermanshah, Iran - 26 July 2016 in Banevreh, Kermanshah, Iran) also known as Khalo Hossein Kohkan (Kurdish: خاڵۆ حوسێن کۆکەن, translit. Xalo Husên Koken) (in meaning Digging Mountain or Caveman) or Farhad the Second (Persian: فرهاد ثانی, فرهاد دوم) was an Iranian Kurd who left his village 21 years ago and started carving cliff rocks on a mountain near Banevreh City Of functions Paveh County in the Kermanshah province in Iran. He carved seven rooms in a rocky mountain, as well as his own grave. He was given the title of Farhad II, a fictional figure in the Iranian literature who agreed to carve a mountain after his love-rival, one of the Iranian kings, sends him on exile.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]
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Helmut Josef Michael Kohl (German: [ˈhɛlmuːt ˈjoːzɛf 'mɪçaʔeːl ˈkoːl]; 3 April 1930 – 16 June 2017) was a German statesman who served as Chancellor of Germany from 1982 to 1998 (of West Germany 1982–1990 and of the reunited Germany 1990–1998) and as the chairman of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) from 1973 to 1998. From 1969 to 1976, Kohl was minister president of the state Rhineland-Palatinate. Kohl chaired the Group of Seven in 1985 and 1992. In 1998 he became honorary chairman of the CDU, resigning from the position in 2000.
Born in 1930 in Ludwigshafen to a Roman Catholic family, Kohl joined the Christian Democratic Union in 1946 at the age of 16. He earned a PhD in history at Heidelberg University in 1958 and worked as a business executive before becoming a full-time politician. He was elected as the youngest member of the Parliament of Rhineland-Palatinate in 1959 and became Minister-President of his home state in 1969. Viewed during the 1960s and the early 1970s as a progressive within the CDU, he was elected national chairman of the party in 1973. In the 1976 federal election his party performed well, but the social-liberal government of social democrat Helmut Schmidtwas able to remain in power, as well as in 1980, when Kohl's rival from the Bavarian sister party CSU, Franz Josef Strauß, candidated. After Schmidt had lost the support of the liberal FDP in 1982, Kohl was elected Chancellor through a switch of the FDP, forming a christian-liberal government. After he had become party leader, Kohl was increasingly seen as a more conservative figure.
As Chancellor Kohl was strongly committed to European integration and French–German cooperation in particular; he was also a steadfast ally of the United States and supported Reagan's more aggressive policies in order to weaken the Soviet Union. Kohl's 16-year tenure was the longest of any German Chancellor since Otto von Bismarck. He oversaw the end of the Cold War and the German reunification, for which he is generally known as Chancellor of Unity. Together with French President François Mitterrand, Kohl was the architect of the Maastricht Treaty, which established the European Union (EU) and the euro currency.[1] Kohl was also a central figure in the eastern enlargement of the European Union, and his government led the effort to push for international recognition of Croatia, Slovenia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina when the states declared independence. He played an instrumental role in solving the Bosnian War. Domestically, Kohl's policies focused on economic reforms and later also on the process of integrating the former East Germany into the reunited Germany, and he moved the federal capital from the "provisional capital" Bonn back to Berlin, although he himself never resided there because the government offices were only relocated in 1999. Kohl also greatly increased federal spending on arts and culture. After his chancellorship, Kohl's reputation suffered domestically because of his role in the CDU donations scandal and he had to resign from his honorary chairmanship of the CDU after little more than a year in January 2000, but he was partly rehabilitated in later years. The later Chancellor Angela Merkel started her political career as Kohl's protegée.
Kohl was described as "the greatest European leader of the second half of the 20th century" by U.S. Presidents George H. W. Bush[2]and Bill Clinton.[3] Kohl received the Charlemagne Prize in 1988 with François Mitterrand; in 1998 Kohl became the second person to be named Honorary Citizen of Europe by the European heads of state or government. Following his death, Kohl was honored with the first ever European Act of State in Strasbourg.[4] Kohl was married to Hannelore Kohl during his entire political career, and they had two sons, Walter Kohl and Peter Kohl.
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Maurus Gervase Komba (1923−23 February 1996) was a Tanzanian Roman Catholic bishop.
Ordained to the priesthood in 1954, Komba was named bishop of Roman Catholic Diocese of Tanga, Tanzania in 1970 and resigned in 1988.[1]
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Tamio "Tommy" Kono (June 27, 1930 – April 24, 2016) was an American weightlifter in the 1950s and 1960s. Kono set world records in four different weight classes:[2] lightweight (149 pounds or 67.5 kilograms), middleweight (165 lb or 75 kg), light-heavyweight (182 lb or 82.5 kg), and middle-heavyweight (198 lb or 90 kg).[3]
Of Japanese descent, Kono was born in Sacramento, California, on June 27, 1930. Kono's family was relocated to Tule Lake internment camp in 1942 during World War II.[4] Sickly as a child, the desert air helped Kono's asthma.[5] It was during the relocation that Kono was introduced to weightlifting by neighbors including the late Noboru "Dave" Shimoda, a member of the Tule Lake weight lifting and bodybuilding club and brother of actor Yuki Shimoda and his friends, Gotoh, Toda, and Bob Nakanishi. After 3½ years they were released and Kono finished high school at Sacramento High. He later worked for the California Department of Motor Vehicles and attended Sacramento Junior College.[6]
Kono was drafted into the U.S. Army in 1950 but was kept home from the Korean War after officials learned of his Olympic potential.[7]
Of Japanese descent, Kono was born in Sacramento, California, on June 27, 1930. Kono's family was relocated to Tule Lake internment camp in 1942 during World War II.[4] Sickly as a child, the desert air helped Kono's asthma.[5] It was during the relocation that Kono was introduced to weightlifting by neighbors including the late Noboru "Dave" Shimoda, a member of the Tule Lake weight lifting and bodybuilding club and brother of actor Yuki Shimoda and his friends, Gotoh, Toda, and Bob Nakanishi. After 3½ years they were released and Kono finished high school at Sacramento High. He later worked for the California Department of Motor Vehicles and attended Sacramento Junior College.[6]
Kono was drafted into the U.S. Army in 1950 but was kept home from the Korean War after officials learned of his Olympic potential.[7]
Kono was a gold medalist at both the 1952 Summer Olympics and 1956 Summer Olympics, and a silver medalist at the 1960 Summer Olympics under coach Bob Hoffman. Kono won the World Weightlifting Championships six consecutive times from 1953 to 1959 and was a three-time Pan American Games champion; in 1955, 1959, and 1963.[8] A knee injury prevented him from qualifying for the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo and the following year he retired from the sport.[4] He set a total of 26 world records and 7 Olympic records.[9][10]
Kono was also a successful bodybuilder, winning the Fédération Internationale Haltérophile et Culturiste Mr. Universe titles in 1954, 1955, 1957 and 1961.[11] After his retirement he turned to coaching, taking on the Mexican 1968 Summer Olympics and West German 1972 Summer Olympics weightlifting teams before becoming head coach of the United States' Olympic weightlifting team at the 1976 Summer Olympics.[4][9]
During his weightlifting career in the 1960s, he developed a pair of bands to support knees during training. These eventually extended to the elbows and became standard weightlifting equipment.[9] While he was coaching in Germany during the 1970s, his correspondence with Adidas led to the firm's development of low cut weightlifting shoes.[12][13]
Career[edit]
Kono was a gold medalist at both the 1952 Summer Olympics and 1956 Summer Olympics, and a silver medalist at the 1960 Summer Olympics under coach Bob Hoffman. Kono won the World Weightlifting Championships six consecutive times from 1953 to 1959 and was a three-time Pan American Games champion; in 1955, 1959, and 1963.[8] A knee injury prevented him from qualifying for the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo and the following year he retired from the sport.[4] He set a total of 26 world records and 7 Olympic records.[9][10]
Kono was also a successful bodybuilder, winning the Fédération Internationale Haltérophile et Culturiste Mr. Universe titles in 1954, 1955, 1957 and 1961.[11] After his retirement he turned to coaching, taking on the Mexican 1968 Summer Olympics and West German 1972 Summer Olympics weightlifting teams before becoming head coach of the United States' Olympic weightlifting team at the 1976 Summer Olympics.[4][9]
During his weightlifting career in the 1960s, he developed a pair of bands to support knees during training. These eventually extended to the elbows and became standard weightlifting equipment.[9] While he was coaching in Germany during the 1970s, his correspondence with Adidas led to the firm's development of low cut weightlifting shoes.[12][13]
Awards[edit]
Along with his weightlifting and bodybuilding titles, Kono was an eight-time Amateur Athletic Union James E. Sullivan Award finalist, an award given annually to the top American amateur athlete.[14] He was also one of the first members of the Hawaii Sports Hall of Fame in 1978.[15] In 1990, Kono received the Association of Oldetime Barbell and Strongmen Highest Achievement Award and was inducted into the United States Olympic Hall of Fame.[16][17] He was elected to the International Weightlifting Federation Hall of Fame in 1993.[18] In 2005, the International Weightlifting Federation named Kono the “Lifter of the Century.”[19]
Kono died on April 24, 2016 in Honolulu, Hawaii from complications of liver disease, aged 85.[3]
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Felix I. D. Konotey-Ahulu (born 12 July 1930) is a Ghanaian physician and scientist who is the Dr Kwegyir Aggrey Distinguished Professor of Human Genetics at the University of Cape Coast, Ghana, and a consultant physician/genetic counsellor, Haemoglobinopathy/Sickle Cell States, in Harley Street, London.[4] He is one of the world’s foremost experts on sickle-cell disease.[5]
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Felix I. D. Konotey-Ahulu (born 12 July 1930) is a Ghanaian physician and scientist who is the Dr Kwegyir Aggrey Distinguished Professor of Human Genetics at the University of Cape Coast, Ghana, and a consultant physician/genetic counsellor, Haemoglobinopathy/Sickle Cell States, in Harley Street, London.[4] He is one of the world’s foremost experts on sickle-cell disease.[5]
Felix Israel Domeno Konotey-Ahulu was born in Odumase-Krobo, Gold Coast (now Ghana). He attended the Basel/Presbyterian Mission Schools, and at Achimota School (1947–49) took the Cambridge School Certificate (Grade I) and the London Matriculation (1st Division), subsequently going to University College of the Gold Coast (1951–53). He went on to London University where he read Medicine (University College London and Westminster Hospital School of Medicine). He graduated with MB BS, Membership of the Royal College of Surgeons, LRCP in 1959.[6]
After full registration in the UK he joined the Ghana Civil Service as Medical Officer, with subsequent postings at the University of Ghana Medical School and the Ministry of Health at Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, where he directed the largest sickle-cell disease clinic in the world.[7] Post-graduate studies took him to Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Westminster Hospital, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith, and Professor (later Dame) Sheila Sherlock's Department of Medicine at the Royal Free Hospital, London, where he was Research Fellow.
He went back to Ghana to Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital and University of Ghana Medical School as Lecturer, then Senior Lecturer. He researched into Clinical Haemoglobinopathyand, together with Professors Bela Ringelhann (Hungary), Hermann Lehmann (University of Cambridge), and others he discovered Haemoglobin Korle-Bu and Haemoglobin Osu-Christiansborg. He was Physician Specialist at Korle-Bu Hospital and Ridge Hospital, Accra, and Director of the erstwhile Ghana Institute of Clinical Genetics.
In 1972 he was National Foundation/March of Dimes Visiting Lecturer to 11 American Medical Schools, including Yale Medical School, George Washington University Medical School, Howard University College of Medicine, Cornell, Rockefeller, Indianapolis, Tennessee and Johns Hopkins.
He was Andrew N. Schofield Fellow, Christ's College, Cambridge (1970–71), and in 1976 he gave Edinburgh University’s MacArthur Postgraduate Lecture. Konotey-Ahulu has lectured in Turkey, Brazil, Greece, Singapore, Australia, India, Hungary, Canada, Denmark, Switzerland, Sweden (Stockholm) and, on the African continent, in Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Senegal, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, South Africa and Egypt. He did Grand Rounds at the NIH (Bethesda), George Washington University, Johns Hopkins, Howard University, Illinois and Chicago universities, and in Cook County Hospital, Chicago.
He was once editor of the Ghana Medical Journal, chairman of a Ghanaian Government Committee to Investigate Hospital Fees, member of the WHO Expert Committee Advisory Panel on Human Genetics, and a temporary consultant to the Commonwealth Secretariat’s Medical Department in London. In March 1980, he was the University of Ghana Alumni Lecturer on the subject "Genes and Society, and Society and Genes". Professor Roland Scott invited him as Annual Visiting Professor to Howard University College of Medicine, and as Honorary Consultant to its Centre for Sickle Cell Disease, Washington DC.[8]
In March 1998, Konotey-Ahulu was appointed Chief Visiting Clinician/Scientist, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), and he is on the Editorial Board of the African Journal of Health Sciences of The African Forum of Health Sciences. Between 1965 and 2005 he published more than 200 articles, letters, editorials, book reviews, and comments. He has been round Sub-Saharan African countries studying AIDS, and has published What is AIDS? (227 pages), The Sickle Cell Disease Patient (643 pages), and one booklet, Sickle Cell Disease — The Case For Family Planning (32 pages). Ghana’s Managing Trustees of the VALCO Trust Fund supported much of his research. Konotey-Ahulu is a former examiner at the University of Ghana Medical School. In April 2000, he was appointed "Dr Kwegyir Aggrey Distinguished Professor of Human Genetics, University of Cape Coast, Ghana" after having been awarded an honorary DSc degree. His inaugural lecture was titled "Human Genetics and the Ghanaian African: How The New Genetics Affects You". In 2000 he was elected Fellow of the Third World Academy of Sciences.
In June 1973 he was invited to join The World Council of Churches' Consultation on Genetics and Quality of Life, chaired by Dr Robert Edwards, and more than 30 years later he is still in contact with Bob Edwards through the Ethics Committee of the Cromwell Hospital, London, where Konotey-Ahulu was Consultant Physician from 1983 to July 2005. To present the African viewpoint in an International Symposium on "The Human Genome Diversity Project", published by Politics and The Life Sciences (PLS), Lake Superior State University, USA, in September 1999 he titled his paper "The Human Genome Diversity Project: Cogitations of an African Native" (pages 317–322), where he traced the sickle-cell gene in his ancestry, with patients' names, generation by generation back to AD 1670, aided by the fact that the hereditary rheumatic syndrome was known to African tribes by specific onomatopoeic names (hemkom, chwechweechwe, nwiiwii, ahotutuo, nuidudui) for centuries before it was first described in the USA in 1910.[1]
This exercise in genetic genealogy, rare in medical archives, helped Konotey-Ahulu develop a discipline of genetic epidemiology to show how polygamy in his forebears produced gene combinations with variations in phenotypic expression of the hereditary syndrome. His invention of the Male Procreative Superiority Index (MPSI), which shed new light on African anthropogenetics, is the result of this personalised genetic epidemiology.
In October 2002, the South African Medical Research Council, with Georgetown University, Washington DC, invited him to take part in an International Conference on "Developing Sustainable Health Care Delivery Systems in Africa for the New Millennium". He spoke on two topics: "An African Physician's Personal Analysis of his Continent's Sustainable Health Care Delivery Prognosis For The New Millennium", and "Setting Priorities and Overcoming Obstacles: AIDS In Africa — Obstacles to Health Care Delivery".
Konotey-Ahulu has recently developed a method for writing African tonal languages, explained in a book titled Mother Tongue — Introducing The Tadka Phonation Technique For Speaking An African Tonal Language: Krobo/Dangme-Ga of South-East Ghana (82 pages — ISBN 0-9515442-4-1. T-A’D Co Watford, UK, 2001). The book aims to help educate some Africans to read their own language more easily and quickly than has hitherto been possible. It will also explain the basic principles of Public Health information about genetic and acquired disease to those who do not read English, and promises to be a great tool in adult education. If it proved helpful, the book would be translated into French and Portuguese.
Professor Konotey-Ahulu is a Christian, plays the piano, and has written a Millennium Hymn of seven verses, complete with melody, entitled "Time Was Created",[9] which the University of Cape Coast Choir sang after his inaugural address. He is a staunch biblical creationist, and has ably defended the truth of Christianity in the Ghanaian Times and the British Medical Journal. His faith also means that he is strongly pro-life, and has denounced genetic testing for sickle-cell disease with a view to aborting babies with the disease. Most recently, he has answered the latest antitheistic propaganda from Richard Dawkins and the racist arguments from James Watson.[10][11]
The value of Professor Konotey-Ahulu's work as a global authority on sickle-cell disease, including some discoveries in Clinical Medicine, has been widely recognized by medical practitioners and specialists around the world, leading to his inclusion in a survey of "The 100 Greatest Africans of All Time". He has produced more than 200 publications, a number of which have become the definitive studies in their field.[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]
Professor Konotey-Ahulu is the first person known to have traced hereditary disease in his forebears, generation by generation, with all names, right back to 1670 AD.[15][22] He is the recipient of numerous awards including the Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Foundation Award for outstanding research in Sickle Cell Anaemia, the Guinness Award for Scientific Achievement in the Commonwealth, and the Gold Medal of the Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences for outstanding contribution to knowledge in the Medical Sciences by a Ghanaian.[6]
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Sorie Ibrahim Koroma (March 18, 1930 – April 30, 1994) commonly known as S.I. Koroma is a former Sierra Leonean politician, labor activist, and one of the founding members of the All People's Congress political party. He served as first Vice President of Sierra Leonefrom April 19, 1971 to retirement on November 28, 1985 under president Siaka Stevens.
Sorie Ibrahim Koroma was a close personal friend of president Siaka Stevens; and was one of the closest and must trusted political advisors to president Stevens. To date, S.I. Koroma is widely considered the most influential vice president in Sierra Leone's history.
One of Sierra Leone’s most vibrant political figures, Sorie Ibrahim Koroma was born in Port Loko, Maforki Chiefdom, Port Loko Districtin the Northern province of Sierra Leone. He was one of the 13TH member's of the APC after it was formed on March 20th 1960. Sorie Ibrahim Koroma's father was a member of the Mandingo ethnic group of Guinean descent, and he died when Koroma was just a little boy. After the death of his father, his mother, Ya Iye Wureh, married to an ethnic Temne chief named Bai Bockarie Dumbuya, the nephew of Alikali Mela (who was then Paramount Chief of Port Loko District).
Koroma was raised in the Dumbuya family household instead of the Koroma family compound at Sendugu Chief, Port Loko District, an area dominated by ethnic Mandingo and Susu. Though raised in a Temne home, SI Koroma never forgot his Mandingo heritage and he was also fluent in the Mandingo language.
Alikali Mela made his nephew Bockari Dumbuya a sub chief, conferring him the title “Or Sultan.” Alikali Mela also crowned SI’s mother a chief, giving her the title of “Ya Alimamy.” That was how Sorie Ibrahim Koroma, the only child to his mother, became a member of two important ruling families in Port Loko – the Bangura and Dumbuya families.
SI Koroma was educated at the Government Model Primary School in Freetown and received his secondary education at the Bo Schoolin Bo. He went to Bo school at a time when it was an institution exclusively for individuals belonging to ruling families in the provinces.
After completing his secondary education, S I Koroma, who had a fierce determination to succeed in life, landed a job with the Sierra Leone Government Co-operative Department. He worked there from 1951 to 1958 and took a course during that period at the Cooperative College, Ibadan, Nigeria. On his return home, he resigned from Government Service to set up his own private business. He fared well in the transportation business and within a short time became Secretary General of the Sierra Leone Motor Transport Union.
In 1960, he was member of the All People's Congress (APC), which has since been one of the premier political parties in the country. In 1962, Koroma was elected as a Member of Parliament to the Parliament of Sierra Leone representing a district of Freetown, to which he was re-elected in the 1967 election
After the 1967 coup d'état by David Lansana and the return to civilian control in 1968, Koroma became the Minister of Trade and Industry in Siaka Steven's first cabinet. From 1968 until 1985, Koroma served various functions in the government, including Minister of Agriculture and Natural Resources (1969–1971), Vice-President (1971–1985) and Prime Minister(1971–1975), Minister of Finance (1975–1978). He would continue in that position until 1978, when he was appointed First Vice-President after the APC declared itself the only legal party. Koroma was the First Vice President until he retired from politics to care more directly for his palm oil plantation near his birthplace in Port Loko.
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Naba Kougri (born Moussa Congo) (1930 – 8 December 1982) was, according to the traditional order, the 36th Mogho Naba of Ouagadougou, the king of the Mossi people of Burkina Faso.[1] He was the son of the previous Mogho Naba, Sagha II. He reigned from 1957 to his death on 8 December 1982.[2][3]
After the death of Moro Naba Sagha II on 12 November 1957, his son Moussa Congo, aged 27, succeeded him on November 28, 1957 under the name of Naba Kougri.[4]
After the people of Upper Volta had approved the constitution of the French Community on 28 September 1958, and therefore reinforced their state's autonomy, the territorial assembly met on 17 October to designate Ouezzin Coulibaly's successor.[5] On that day, Mogho Naba Kougri made an unsuccessful attempt to install a constitutional monarchy.[6]Kougri, who had the support of Colonel Chevreau, the commander of the French Army in Upper Volta, gathered around 3,000 of his supporters around the assembly and attempted to influence the choice of the new president of the council.[5] Maurice Yaméogo's quick response to the demonstration played in his favour during the rescheduled vote of the assembly on the 20 October, at which he was elected as president of the council.[7]
Kougri died on 8 December 1982. Police subsequently closed the central market in Ouagadougou to prevent episodes of looting and disorder which had occurred upon the death of his father. His funeral was attended by President Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo and several government ministers who placed a wreath on his coffin.[8]
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Dr. Samuel Lee Kountz Jr. (October 30, 1930 – December 23, 1981) was an African-American kidney transplantation surgeon from Lexa, Arkansas. He was most distinguished for his pioneering work in the field of kidney transplantations, and in research, discoveries, and inventions in Renal Science. In 1961, while working at the Stanford University Medical Center, he performed the first successful Kidney transplant between humans who were not identical twins. Six years later, he and a team of researchers at the University of California, San Francisco, developed the prototype for the Belzer kidney perfusion machine, a device that can preserve kidneys for up to 50 hours from the time they are taken from a donor's body. It is now standard equipment in hospitals and research laboratories around the world.[1][2][3]
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Naba Kougri (born Moussa Congo) (1930 – 8 December 1982) was, according to the traditional order, the 36th Mogho Naba of Ouagadougou, the king of the Mossi people of Burkina Faso.[1] He was the son of the previous Mogho Naba, Sagha II. He reigned from 1957 to his death on 8 December 1982.[2][3]
After the death of Moro Naba Sagha II on 12 November 1957, his son Moussa Congo, aged 27, succeeded him on November 28, 1957 under the name of Naba Kougri.[4]
After the people of Upper Volta had approved the constitution of the French Community on 28 September 1958, and therefore reinforced their state's autonomy, the territorial assembly met on 17 October to designate Ouezzin Coulibaly's successor.[5] On that day, Mogho Naba Kougri made an unsuccessful attempt to install a constitutional monarchy.[6]Kougri, who had the support of Colonel Chevreau, the commander of the French Army in Upper Volta, gathered around 3,000 of his supporters around the assembly and attempted to influence the choice of the new president of the council.[5] Maurice Yaméogo's quick response to the demonstration played in his favour during the rescheduled vote of the assembly on the 20 October, at which he was elected as president of the council.[7]
Kougri died on 8 December 1982. Police subsequently closed the central market in Ouagadougou to prevent episodes of looting and disorder which had occurred upon the death of his father. His funeral was attended by President Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo and several government ministers who placed a wreath on his coffin.[8]
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Dr. Samuel Lee Kountz Jr. (October 30, 1930 – December 23, 1981) was an African-American kidney transplantation surgeon from Lexa, Arkansas. He was most distinguished for his pioneering work in the field of kidney transplantations, and in research, discoveries, and inventions in Renal Science. In 1961, while working at the Stanford University Medical Center, he performed the first successful Kidney transplant between humans who were not identical twins. Six years later, he and a team of researchers at the University of California, San Francisco, developed the prototype for the Belzer kidney perfusion machine, a device that can preserve kidneys for up to 50 hours from the time they are taken from a donor's body. It is now standard equipment in hospitals and research laboratories around the world.[1][2][3]
Samuel Lee Kountz, the eldest son of a Baptist minister, J. S. Kountz, was born in Lexa, Arkansas, in 1930. He first became interested in medicine at the age of eight, when he accompanied an injured friend to a local hospital for emergency treatment. He was so moved by the doctors' ability to relieve his friend's suffering that he decided from that moment to become a physician.[4] He completed his early education in Lexa, then spent three years at a Baptist boarding school for young people considering the ministry. He later graduated from Morris Booker College High School in Dermott, Arkansas (Chicot County).[5] Although the school provided him with the discipline he needed, its academic program was inadequate, and he was forced to take remedial courses before gaining admission to the Agricultural, Mechanical and Normal College of Arkansas (now the University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff). After much improvement, he graduated third in his class in 1952.
During his senior year, Kountz had met Senator J. William Fulbright, who had once been president of the University of Arkansas. Impressed by Kountz's energy and enthusiasm, Fulbright asked him what he planned to do following graduation. Kountz told him that he hoped to attend a black medical school, where he could realize his lifelong dream of becoming a surgeon. Fulbright urged him to consider the medical school at the University of Arkansas, Little Rock, instead. Kountz applied but was rejected; he spent the next two years completing graduate work in chemistry at the university's Fayetteville campus. Then, on the basis of his accomplishments, he was awarded a full medical scholarship, and in 1954 became the first black student to be admitted to the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences.
Kountz completed a master's degree in chemistry in 1956; two years later he received his M.D. He spent the next year as an intern with the highly competitive Stanford Service of San Francisco General Hospital, and, in 1959, he began his surgical training at the Stanford University School of Medicine. It was at Stanford that he studied the field of organ transplantation, and decided to make transplant surgery his life's work. He was still a resident in 1961, when he made medical history by performing the first kidney transplant using a non-twin donor. Among Kountz's other contributions were the discovery that large doses of the steroid drug methylprednisolone could reverse acute rejection of a transplanted kidney, and that re-implantation (the implantation of a second donor kidney at the earliest indication that the first might be rejected) could mean the difference between the death and survival for transplant patients. A tireless proponent of organ donation, he once performed a kidney transplant on live television, The Today Show, in 1976, inspiring some 20,000 viewers to offer their kidneys to patients who needed them. In addition, his groundbreaking research in the area of tissue typing helped improve the results of kidney transplantation and led to the increased use of kidneys from unrelated donors.
Kountz was appointed Professor of Surgery and Chairman of the Department at the State University of New York (SUNY), Downstate Medical Center in Brooklyn, New Yorkbeginning in 1972 and Surgeon-in-Chief of Kings County Hospital. The University of Arkansas awarded him the honorary Juris Doctor in 1973. He developed the largest kidney transplant research and training program in the country at the University of California, San Francisco.
At the time of his death, he had personally performed some 500 kidney transplants, the most performed by any physician in the world at that time.[6][7]
Intern, Stanford Service, San Francisco General Hospital, 1958–59; assistant resident, department of surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1959–62; Bank of AmericaGiannini fellow, Hammersmith Hospital, London, 1962–63; Stanford University School of Medicine, senior resident, department of surgery, 1963–64, chief resident, 1964–65, instructor, department of surgery, 1965–66; visiting Fulbright Award professor, United Arab Republic, 1965–66; assistant professor, department of surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1966–67; associate professor, department of surgery, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, 1967–72, professor, 1972; professor and chairman, department of surgery, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, and chief of general surgery, Kings County Hospital Center, 1972-77.
Over the years, produced close to 100 articles and investigative reports and co-authored dozens more. He has been a recipient of the Young Investigator's Award, American College of Cardiology, 1964; Diplomat, American Board of Surgeons, 1966; Lederle Medical Faculty Award, 1967; Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters, University of California, San Francisco, 1970; Honorary Doctor of Laws, University of Arkansas, 1973; Honorary Doctor of Laws, Howard University, 1975, and the Fulbright Award[8]
While on a lecture tour in South Africa in 1977, Dr. Kountz contracted a crippling brain disease that left him neurologically impaired and confined to his bed, unable to communicate, or care for himself, for the rest of his life. His illness was never diagnosed, and he died on December 23, 1981, at the age of 51. In July 1980 the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People presented an Afro- Academic, Technological, and Scientific Olympics program award, which is a special high school science award for African American students, in his honor. Five years later the World's First International Symposium on Renal (kidney) Failure and Transplantation in Blacks was dedicated to his memory.
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He was ordained as a priest on 20 December 1959 in Rome, later ordained as Bishop of Atakpamé on 2 May 1976. He was Archbishop of Lomé between 17 December 1992 and 8 June 2007.[1]
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David Kranzler (May 19, 1930 – November 7, 2007) was a librarian, researcher and historian specializing in those who aided Jews during the Holocaust.
David Kranzler (May 19, 1930 – November 7, 2007) was a librarian, researcher and historian specializing in those who aided Jews during the Holocaust.
Kranzler was born in Germany. His family fled the Nazis to the United States in 1937 when he was a child, and he was raised in New York. He studied for a BA (1953) and an MA (1958) at Brooklyn College, for an M.L.S. degree (1957) at Columbia University, and for his doctorate (1971) at Yeshiva University.[1] After working as a school librarian, he joined the faculty of Queensborough Community College of the City University of New York (CUNY) in 1969, and was a Professor in the Library Department there until his retirement in 1988. Kranzler was one of the founders and the first Director of the Holocaust Resource Center and Archives at Queensborough Community College,[2] which has since been renamed the Kupferberg Holocaust Resource Center and Archives.
He was a leading historian on the subject of aiding the Jews during the Holocaust, a field which his works founded. He was among the first to document the activities of Orthodox Jewish organizations, such as the Vaad Ha-hatzala and Agudath Israel. Historian Alex Grobman referred to Kranzler as "the pioneer of research on Orthodox Jewry during the war."[3] He also researched and created awareness for the mid-1944 Swiss grassroots protests, including the mid-1944 Swiss Press Campaign, triggered by George Mantellopublicizing the Bratislava Working Group Vrba-Wetzler report.[4] Kranzler was convinced that these actions led to stopping of the transports from Hungary in mid-1944 and enabled the Raoul Wallenberg mission and other important initiatives in Hungary and elsewhere.[4]
Kranzler was a contributor to the Goldberg Commission Report on the Role of American Jews During the Holocaust, and submitted two chapters, one on the Orthodox, called "Orthodox Ends, UnOrthodox Means" and another on the Jewish Labor Committee. He served as Scholar-in-Residence in numerous congregations, on college campuses, and centers, including the Spanish-Portuguese Synagogue (under Rabbi Marc D. Angel) in Manhattan, and Kodima Synagogue in Springfield, Massachusetts (under Rabbi Alex Weisfogel), and the Ohio State University Holocaust Center (under Professor Saul S. Friedman). Kranzler was a Baron Friedrich Carl von Oppenheim Research Fellow for the Study of Racism, Antisemitism, and the Holocaust at Yad Vashem's International Institute for Holocaust Research during 2002–2003, where he engaged in a research project entitled "A Comparative Study on the Worldwide Rescue Effort by Orthodox Jewry During the Holocaust Within the Context of Rescue in General."[2]
Kranzler researched the rescue and aid of Jews during the Holocaust for about 35 years. He published ten books and many articles on the subject, and lectured on the subject in America, Israel, Europe and the Far East. He interviewed and recorded over a thousand people, including some of the major Jewish rescuers such as Hillel Kook also known as Peter Bergson, George Mantello, Rabbi Solomon Schonfeld and close family and associates of rescuers no longer alive, including Rabbi Michael Ber Weissmandl and Recha Sternbuch. He established one of the largest and unique research document (about a million pages) and interview (mostly audio) archives on the subject, which is at Yad Vashem.
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James Kritzeck (born July 6, 1930, St. Cloud, Minnesota)[1] is a scholar of Islam who specialises in Islamic literature and its translation.
He was educated at Saint John's Abbey (1945-47), the University of Minnesota (BA, 1949), Princeton University (MA, 1952), and Harvard University (PhD, 1954);[2] he was elected to the Society of Fellows at Harvard University in 1952. As well as travelling through much of the Islamic world in order to increase his knowledge of Islamic works, Kritzeck studied Islam through reading and teaching, with (among others) Henry Corbin, Louis Massignon and Herbert Mason. He edited Anthology of Islamic Literature, a collection of Islamic writings from the Qur'an up until the 18th century. Ironically a sceptic of translation, Kritzeck strove to include only the finest and most accurate interpretations of poetry and prose.
Kritzeck has been Professor of Oriental Studies at Princeton, and a member of the Center of Theological Inquiry at Princeton Theological Seminary. A special collection in his honor has been established at the Hill Museum & Manuscript Library at Saint John's University in Collegeville, Minnesota.[3]
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Nikolai Vladimirovich Krogius (first name sometimes written Nikolay) (born July 22, 1930 in Saratov) is a Russian ChessGrandmaster, International Arbiter (1985), psychologist, chess coach, chess administrator, and author. He won several tournament titles at Sochi and in eastern European events, and appeared in seven Soviet finals from 1958–71. His peak was in 1967 when he ranked 18th in the world for a time. He earned his doctorate in psychology, and specialized in sports psychology. He coached World Champion Boris Spassky for several years, also served as chairman of the USSR Chess Federation, and co-authored five chess books. He was the co-winner of the 1993 World Senior Chess Championship.
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Jānis Krūmiņš (30 January 1930 – 20 November 1994) was a Soviet-Latvian professional basketball player. Helped by his height (about 220 cm, or 7'3"), he was the first giant center that dominated under European baskets, for years. As a player of the senior Soviet Union national basketball team, Krūmiņš won 3 gold medals at the 1959, 1961, and 1963 EuroBaskets, as well as 3 silver medals at the 1956, 1960, and 1964 Summer Olympic Games.
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Nikolai Vladimirovich Krogius (first name sometimes written Nikolay) (born July 22, 1930 in Saratov) is a Russian ChessGrandmaster, International Arbiter (1985), psychologist, chess coach, chess administrator, and author. He won several tournament titles at Sochi and in eastern European events, and appeared in seven Soviet finals from 1958–71. His peak was in 1967 when he ranked 18th in the world for a time. He earned his doctorate in psychology, and specialized in sports psychology. He coached World Champion Boris Spassky for several years, also served as chairman of the USSR Chess Federation, and co-authored five chess books. He was the co-winner of the 1993 World Senior Chess Championship.
Nikolai V. Krogius scored 4.5/15 for a tied 13th-14th place at Leningrad 1946 in the Soviet Junior Championship; the winner was Tigran Petrosian. Krogius made his first creditable result in Master company at Leningrad 1949, tallying 8/17 for a tied 12th-15th in a very good field; this was a Soviet Championship semi-final, and he did not advance to the final. He also missed advancing from the Soviet semi-final at Leningrad 1951, although complete results from this are unavailable. He competed in three Russian Championships: at Yaroslavl 1951, in his home town of Saratov in 1953, and at Rostov-on-Don in 1954, but complete results of these events are also unavailable.
Krogius was selected for the Soviet team for Oslo 1954, the World Student Olympiad, where he scored 7.5/9 (+7 =1 -1) on board three, and won team silver. At Leningrad 1955-56, a Soviet semi-final, Krogius scored 9/18 for a tied 11th-14th place in an excellent field. He was gradually working his way up through the deep Soviet chess hierarchy. In the Soviet semi-final at Tbilisi 1956, he scored 11/19 for seventh place, and missed advancing to the final by half a point.
Krogius qualified for his first Soviet final by scoring 11.5/19, for a tied 5th-7th place, in the semi-final at Leningrad 1957. The final was at Riga 1958, URS-ch25, and he debuted strongly with 9.5/18 and a tied 9th-11th place; the winner was Mikhail Tal. Although he did not as yet earn an international title for this, it showed that he was of at least International Master standard by this time, because of the immense strength of the Soviet finals. He made his first appearances for the USSR in team matches against Bulgaria (Sofia 1957) and Yugoslavia (Zagreb 1958), scoring 50 percent in both. At Tbilisi for URS-ch26, he scored just 6.5/19 for 18th place; the winner was Petrosian. He improved at Leningrad for URS-ch27, scoring 10/19 for a tied 9th-10th place, as Viktor Korchnoi won.
Krogius earned his first international opportunity for Varna 1960, where he tied for 1st-2nd with Nikola Padevsky on 8/12. At Yerevan for URS-ch30, he scored 8.5/19 for 11th place, as Korchnoi won again. He scored 6.5/11 for a tied 3rd-4th place at Sochi 1963, as Lev Polugaevsky won. Krogius earned his International Master title in 1963.
Krogius scored his most impressive triumph with clear first at the Chigorin Memorial in Sochi 1964 on 11/15. This earned him the Grandmaster title later that year. At Kiev 1964-65 for URS-ch32, he scored 10.5/19 for a tied 8th-9th place; Korchnoi won again. Krogius was fifth at Sochi 1965 with 8.5/15; the winners were Boris Spassky and Wolfgang Unzicker. He was selected for the USSR team for Hamburg 1965, the European Team Championships, where he played on board nine, scored 4.5/8 (+2 =5 -1), won the gold medal on his board, and was part of the gold-medal winning team. He was 4th at Budapest 1965 with 10/15, as Lev Polugaevsky, Laszlo Szabo, and Mark Taimanov shared first place.
In URS-ch34 at Tbilisi 1966, Krogius scored 11/20 for 8th place, as Leonid Stein won. A sure sign of favour in high circles was his first trip to Western Europe for an individual tournament, Le Havre 1966, which celebrated the 900th anniversary of the voyage which led to the Norman Conquest of England. Since the Soviet Chess Federation controlled all foreign invitations, opportunities outside the Soviet bloc were highly sought, and many players with better results, such as Ratmir Kholmov, never received one during their prime years. Krogius performed well with a shared 2nd-3rd place on 7/11; the winner was Bent Larsen.
Krogius scored 10/15 at Sochi 1966 for a shared 3rd-4th place, as Korchnoi won. He made one of his top career results with a shared 1st-5th place at Sochi 1967 on 10/15; the other co-winners were Boris Spassky, Alexander Zaitsev, Leonid Shamkovich, and Vladimir Simagin. At Sarajevo 1967, Krogius scored 9.5/15 for a shared 3rd-4th place; the winners were Anatoly Lein and Dragoljub Ciric.
Krogius scored his career peak rating around this time. Chessmetrics.com ranks him at 2686 in September 1967, good for #18 in the world, and he ranked 17th in the world from January to March 1968. Sochi 1964 was a 2703 performance, as was Sochi 1966. Krogius shared 2nd-3rd places at Polanica Zdroj 1969 with 9.5/15; Laszlo Barczay won. Krogius won at Varna 1969.
Krogius earned his doctorate in psychology, and specialized in sports psychology. He served as part of Boris Spassky's team for his second world title match against Tigran Petrosianat Moscow 1969, where Spassky won a tight struggle. Krogius was again selected to assist Spassky against Bobby Fischer at Reykjavík 1972, in the Match of the Century, won by Fischer.
Krogius himself was still keeping up an active and successful tournament schedule during these years. He tied 2nd-5th places at Hastings 1969-70 with 5/9, behind winner Lajos Portisch. He placed 2nd in the Russian Championship at Kuibyshev 1970, behind winner Anatoly Karpov. At Leningrad for URS-ch39, his last Soviet final, he scored 10.5/21 for a tied 10th-11th place, as Vladimir Savon won. Krogius placed tied 3rd-4th at Sochi 1973 with 9/15 as Mikhail Tal won. Overall, he tallied 67/135 in his seven Soviet finals, from 1958 to 1971, for just under 50 percent, and had six solid appearances out of seven, with only 1959 being much below standard.
Krogius scaled back his tournament play by the mid-1970s, playing only in occasional lower-level events. He began important contributions as a chess author, eventually writing or co-writing five chess books. He moved into chess administration as well. He was the captain of the USSR team for the USSR vs. Rest of the World match at London 1984. He served as President of the USSR Chess Federation, and was the head of delegation for Anatoly Karpov's team for the 1990 title match against Garry Kasparov at New York City and Lyon, where Kasparov won narrowly.
Krogius returned to high-class tournament play at the Senior level in the 1990s. In the 1991 World Senior Championship at Bad Woerishofen, he scored 8/11 to tie for 3rd-6th places. He tied for the title at the World Senior Championship at Bad Wildbad 1993, with 8.5/11, along with Lein, Taimanov, Bukhuti Gurgenidze, and Boris Arkhangelsky. Krogius stayed fairly active in tournament play until 1998, mostly at the Senior level.
There is a file of 741 of his games at mychess.com; chessbase.com has 692 of his games, while chessgames.com has 248 of his games. Many of these games would be duplicated between sites.
Krogius was somewhat of a late bloomer by Soviet standards, although this was not that uncommon for players who lived through the Second World War during their formative chess years; other examples are Efim Geller and Semyon Furman, both of whom eventually became formidable players by their late 20s. Krogius had several failed attempts at reaching the Soviet final, and did not make his first one until age 27. His graduate studies were the priority until he finished his doctorate. However, when he did get opportunities at high level, he usually made the most of them, and scored several notable tournament victories in high-standard events during his peak years in the 1960s. He was a middle-range player at the perilous Soviet finals level. Krogius is a very interesting and unusual figure in chess history, since he chose the career of a professional sports psychologist, concentrating on chess, and may have been the first to follow this precise path. In his role as coach, he was undoubtedly an important part of Boris Spassky's team for the world title matches of 1969 and 1972, and maintained a successful tournament program himself during this period. His own playing style was often highly tactical in nature, and he defeated many acknowledged masters of tactical play. By his mid-40s, Krogius appeared less frequently in major events, and moved on to writing and chess administration, also with notable success. He returned to the board after age 60, with some impressive results in Senior events.
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Jānis Krūmiņš (30 January 1930 – 20 November 1994) was a Soviet-Latvian professional basketball player. Helped by his height (about 220 cm, or 7'3"), he was the first giant center that dominated under European baskets, for years. As a player of the senior Soviet Union national basketball team, Krūmiņš won 3 gold medals at the 1959, 1961, and 1963 EuroBaskets, as well as 3 silver medals at the 1956, 1960, and 1964 Summer Olympic Games.
Jānis Krūmiņš was born on 30 January 1930, in Raiskums Parish, Cēsis District, Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic (modern day Latvia). His father was a big strong man, who died when Jānis was still a boy. At the age of 13, Krūmiņš had to start working, as a collector of tree resin. Very soon, he became an efficient worker, partly because his height (he was 2 m (6'7") tall by the age 14) allowed him to reach where others failed. He liked his work, and later was hesitant to turn into a professional basketball player, saying that he could always get injured and lose his job as a basketball player, but not as a resin collector. As a well-built giant, Krūmiņš attracted the attention of many sports coaches, who tried to get him into wrestling, boxing, and athletics. Famous Soviet athletics coach Victor Alexeev, even brought him in for a month to an athletics training camp. All of those attempts failed, because of a lack of interest from Krūmiņš.[1][2]
In 1953, Krūmiņš was discovered by head basketball coach Alexander Gomelsky, and he was brought to the basketball clubRīgas ASK.[1][2] Gomelsky was struggling to make ASK the top Latvian basketball club of the time, and he needed a strong player at the center position. Although Krūmiņš had never played basketball before, Gomelsky intuitively believed in his potential, and was spending 2 hours personally training Krūmiņš, before each of the team's training sessions. Gomelsky considered Krūmiņš to be his only apprentice in his whole basketball career — all the other players that he coached were well established before he had coached them. Physically, Krūmiņš had good coordination and extraordinary strength, but he was slow. His height was exceptional for that time, and was variably reported between 2.18 m (7'2") and 2.23 m (7'4").[3][4] The variation was mostly due to his body's natural contraction during the day, and over the length of his playing career.[1] With a weight of 141 kg[3] (312 pounds), he was described as, "well built and dry". He was not a talented pupil, but he was exceptionally persistent, and performed all the drills that were set by his coach. His strongest point, according to Gomelsky, was his mental balance and reliability. On the other hand, he was too shy for a team leader. Seeing a 2.20 m (7'3") giant, most defenders did not hesitate to step on his toes, or to push or punch him. Krūmiņš patiently took all abuses, and when once asked why he didn't fight back, replied that he was afraid he might accidentally kill someone. Later, when Krūmiņš became a star, his modesty brought another problem — he was instantly recognized by people on the streets, and cheered and touched by the crowds, which made him feel uncomfortable. As a result of that, he stopped using public transportation, and drove a car instead.[1][2]
Another mundane daily problem was his height, which hindered his ability to find clothes and shoes that fit properly. Luckily, Krūmiņš was spotted by Soviet Marshal Hovhannes Bagramyan. Bagramyan, who was a big man himself, was favorable to tall sportsmen, and after meeting Krūmiņš, he ordered a 3-meter-long (9'10") bed to be custom built for Krūmiņš, as well as for custom shoes and clothes to be made for him.[1][2]
All of the efforts of Krūmiņš and Gomeslsky paid off. Krūmiņš quickly became a smart center and a team leader of Rīgas ASK. The club became the USSR League champion in 1955, and Krūmiņš was also included into the senior USSR national basketball team.[1] He was a dominant Soviet center in the 1956 Summer Olympics, helping the Soviet national team to reach the tournament's finals. He played for the Soviet national team for about 10 years, winning EuroBasket gold medals in 1959, 1961, and 1963; FIBA European Champions Cups (EuroLeague) championships in 1958, 1959, and 1960; USSR League championships in 1955, 1956, 1957, and 1958; and Summer Olympic Games silver medals in 1956, 1960, and 1964.[3] Krūmiņš remained a relaxed player over all those years, still sparing weaker opponents from his best. However, he was quite emotional and active in the key games that his teams played, and he played with full effort against players that were similar to him in size. Krūmiņš had a rare free throw shooting style — as he shot free throws underhanded, rather than the usual overhanded free throw technique. However, he was still able to make 90% on average.[1][2] A Russian poll that was conducted in 2006, named Krūmiņš as the 3rd most popular Soviet men's basketball player of all time, after Arvydas Sabonis and Vladimir Tkachenko.[5]
Krūmiņš was shy around people, including women.[citation needed] He met his wife, Inessa, by chance. In 1960, while she was working as a sculptor, she was ordered to make a bust of Krūmiņš, on the occasion of 20th anniversary of the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic. The couple had two sons, and a daughter. After retiring from playing basketball, Krūmiņš worked within his family, and became a renowned metalworker, molding metal art from sketches done by his wife.[6]
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Ryszard Jerzy Kukliński (June 13, 1930 – February 11, 2004) was a Polish colonel and Cold War spy for NATO. He passed top secret Warsaw Pact documents to the CIA between 1972 and 1981. The former United States National Security AdvisorZbigniew Brzeziński described him as "the first Polish officer in NATO."[1]
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Ryszard Jerzy Kukliński (June 13, 1930 – February 11, 2004) was a Polish colonel and Cold War spy for NATO. He passed top secret Warsaw Pact documents to the CIA between 1972 and 1981. The former United States National Security AdvisorZbigniew Brzeziński described him as "the first Polish officer in NATO."[1]
Kukliński was born in Warsaw to a working-class family with strong Catholic and socialist traditions. During World War II, his father became a member of the Polish resistance movement; he was captured by the Gestapo, and subsequently died in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp. After the war, Kukliński began a successful career in the Polish People's Army. In 1968, he took part in preparations for the Warsaw Pact's invasion of Czechoslovakia. Disturbed by the invasion, and by the brutal crushing of the parallel Polish 1970 protests, in 1972, Kukliński sent a letter to the US embassy in Bonn describing himself as a foreign "MAF" from a Communist country, and requested a secret meeting.[2]
In 1994 Kukliński said that his awareness of the "unambiguously offensive" nature of Soviet military plans was an important factor in his decision to communicate the details of those plans to the United States, adding that "Our front could only be a sacrifice of Polish blood at the altar of the Red Empire".[3] Kukliński was also concerned that his homeland would be turned into a nuclear wasteland as the Warsaw Pact's superiority in conventional forces would mean NATO would respond to military action with tactical nuclear weapons.
Between 1972 and 1981 he passed 35,000 pages of mostly Soviet secret documents to the CIA. The documents described Moscow's strategic plans regarding the use of nuclear weapons, technical data about the T-72 tank and 9K31 Strela-1 missiles, the whereabouts of Soviet anti-aircraft bases in Poland and East Germany, the methods used by the Soviets to avoid spy satellite detection of their military hardware, plans for the imposition of martial law in Poland, and many other matters.
Facing imminent danger of discovery due to denouncement by Communist secret collaborator known only by his alias "Prorok",[4] Kukliński was spirited out of Poland by the CIA, along with his wife and two sons, shortly before the imposition of martial law in December 1981. Though Kuklinski and his family managed to successfully defect, his controversial past may have followed him to the United States. In subsequent years, both of his sons died. The older, Waldemar, was run over by a truck without a licence plate in August 1994 on the grounds of an American university. His younger son, Bogdan Kukliński, drowned half a year later on January 1, 1995, when his yacht capsized on a silent sea. Ryszard Kukliński did not insist that they were assassinated by the KGB, but he never rejected such possibility either.[5]
On May 23, 1984 Kukliński was sentenced to death, in absentia, by a military court in Warsaw. After the fall of communism, the sentence was changed to 25 years. In 1995 the court cancelled the sentence and said that Kuklinski was acting under special circumstances that warranted a higher need. Kukliński visited Poland again in April 1998.
He died from a stroke at the age of 73 in Tampa, Florida, February 11, 2004. The funeral Mass for Kukliński was held at Fort Myer with CIA honors on March 30, 2004. His remains were transported to Poland, and on June 19, 2004 Kukliński was buried in the row of honour in the Powązki military cemetery in Warsaw, Poland, along with the remains of his son Waldemar.[6]
In June 1986, a spokesman for the Soviet-backed Jaruzelski regime, Jerzy Urban, revealed Kukliński's existence to the world in order to make the argument that the Reagan administration had been informed by Kukliński of the plans to install martial law but had betrayed the Solidarity movement by not passing that information on to its "friends" in Solidarity. When the journal Kultura interviewed Kukliński, he said that planning for martial law had begun in late 1980 and that the Jaruzelski group planned to crush Solidarity regardless of the outcome of negotiations with the trade union and the Polish church. He also rejected the regime's claim that declaring martial law was an internal decision by describing how the Soviets had applied pressure on Polish authorities to impose martial law. When asked whether Jaruzelski was a hero or a traitor, Kukliński replied:
Kukliński was the chief of a military strategic command planning division of the Polish army. He was very familiar with the layout of the Polish forces within the Warsaw Pact. While details of the general plans for the Warsaw Pact forces were known only in Moscow, Kukliński could infer much from his contacts at the Moscow high command headquarters.
According to President Carter's NSA, Zbigniew Brzeziński, "Kukliński’s information permitted us to make counterplans to disrupt command-and-control facilities rather than only relying on a massive counterattack on forward positions, which would have hit Poland."[8]
In January 2013 Władysław Pasikowski began shooting a movie about Ryszard Kukliński. With Marcin Dorociński in the lead role, the script for Jack Strong (title taken from Kukliński's CIA secret-agent pseudonym), written by director Pasikowski, is based on new material from the Polish Institute of National Remembrance archives, CIA operating documents and statements by eyewitnesses including David Forden, the former CIA operations officer who was the liaison with Colonel Kukliński.[9]
During his term as Poland's first freely elected president, a Solidarity leader Lech Wałęsa refused to pardon Kukliński and a poll taken in 1998 found that more Poles (34%) considered Kukliński a traitor than a hero (29%), with many undecided.[10][verification needed] The administration of US President Clinton nonetheless took the stance that it would oppose Polish membership in NATO unless Kukliński were exonerated.[11]
When all charges were dropped against Kukliński in 1997, the left leaning Trybuna lamented that "Colonel Ryszard Kukliński—a spy, deserter, and traitor—has been turned into a model of virtue and a national hero of the rightists."[12] In a 1997 survey conducted by the CBOS, 27 percent of Poles considered Kukliński a hero and 24 percent a traitor (compared to 12 and 24 percent, respectively, in 1992).[13]
According to some historians, it was possible that Kukliński was a double agent, of the Soviet GRU, used in an operational game with the CIA.[14][15] A Polish Minister of Internal Affairs during communist times, Czesław Kiszczak revealed such a theory in a later interview,[14] while a former Soviet military attaché, Yuriy Rylyov, claimed so directly in an interview.[15] Historians, like Paweł Wieczorkiewicz and Franciszek Puchała (a general in the Polish Army during communist times) suggest, that the knowledge Kukliński had was exaggerated, and while he had a lot of information about the Polish Army and the organization of the Warsaw Pact in general, he could not have had detailed information on Soviet plans, since no one in Poland had it. Puchała supported his opinion in official hearings of Kukliński by Polish prosecutors during his revised trial. Revealing plans about the enforcement of martial law in Poland, which would make a Soviet invasion unnecessary, could have been profitable for the Soviet side, ensuring that the USA would not be surprised by martial law and would not undertake unpredictable actions against the Soviets.[14] It is noteworthy, that despite Kukliński's revelations, the USA did not warn Solidarity about martial law. The Soviets took the escape of such an important spy nonchalantly and did not demand any consequences from the Polish politician responsible for intelligence, namely Czesław Kiszczak.[14] Also, the matter of Kukliński's sons' deaths is unclear and they may have been part of a protection program; besides, according to Wieczorkiewicz, such revenge on a defector's family would be quite unusual for Soviet intelligence.[14]
Kukliński is buried in the row of honour in the Powązki Military Cemetery in Warsaw, and he has been given honorary citizenship of several Polish cities, including Kraków and Gdańsk. The Polish political group Centrum (at the time headed by Zbigniew Religa) requested in 2004 that the President of Poland posthumously promote Kukliński to the rank of general.
Since its unveiling in 2006, his monument in Kraków has been vandalized three times:[16][17] first on December 13, 2011, (the anniversary of martial law in Poland) and then on February 11, 2012 (the anniversary of Kukliński's death). In both cases, Polish nationalist symbols together with the terms such as: "Traitor", the crossed CIA name and "Death to the USA" were also sprayed. On February 11, 2014 his statue was found splashed with brown paint or oil.[18]
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Alfred Khumalo[1] (5 September 1930 – 21 October 2012),[2] better known as Alf Kumalo, and with the surname sometimes spelled Khumalo, was a South African documentary photographer and photojournalist.[2][3]
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Alfred Khumalo[1] (5 September 1930 – 21 October 2012),[2] better known as Alf Kumalo, and with the surname sometimes spelled Khumalo, was a South African documentary photographer and photojournalist.[2][3]
Alf Kumalo was born in Utrecht near Newcastle in the province of KwaZulu-Natal.[4] He first worked in a garage doing various jobs and then started freelancing for various publications, selling his photographs where he could. He did a lot of work for the Bantu World.
In 1956, he found a permanent position at the Golden City Post and later received assignments from The Star, a South African daily, Drum magazine, and international publications like The New York Times. He was among the photographers who captured the Sharpeville massacre on 21 March 1960.[2]
In 1963, while working for Drum, he was selected together with Harry Mashabela to go and shoot a story about African students in the Iron Curtain countries. The two made the front cover of the next edition of the magazine, "Drum men go to Europe".
While in London, he interviewed Cassius Clay and then found out that he had won first place in a photographic competition. The prize was an Austin Cambridge motor car.[5] Kumalo had been encouraged to enter by David Hazelhurst, the editor of Drum.
Kumalo had used his African names Mangaliso Dukuza because he wanted the judging to be impartial and not influenced by his reputation. A picture of him and his award was published by the Star on its front page. "A lot of black people talked about it for days afterwards, because in those days they would only get on to the front pages of white newspapers if they were thieves."[5]
Despite the prospect of being arrested and assaulted, Kumalo kept on taking pictures, sometimes at personal cost. David Hazelhurst recalled:
Hazelhurst splashed the picture across two pages of Drum.
Over the years Kumalo photographed and documented many of the historic moments in recent South African history. These include the Treason Trial, the Rivonia Trial, the emergence of Black Consciousness, the Student Uprising of 1976 and the Codesa talks. This was despite numerous periods of detention, arrests and official harassment.
His work has appeared in international newspapers like The Observer, The New York Times, New York Post, and the Sunday Independent. Locally, he also worked for Drummagazine and the long-defunct Rand Daily Mail.[7]
To assist the upcoming generation of South African photographers, Kumalo opened a photographic school in Diepkloof Soweto in 2002.[2] The school offers nine-month courses designed to train photographers from disadvantaged backgrounds.[8]
He died on 21 October 2012.[9]
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Mazisi (Raymond) Kunene (12 May 1930 – 11 August 2006) was a South African poet best known for his poem Emperor Shaka the Great. While in exile from South Africa's apartheid regime, Kunene was an active supporter and organizer of the anti-apartheid movement in Europe and Africa. He would later teach at UCLA and become Africa's and South Africa's poet laureate.
Kunene was born in Durban, in the modern province of KwaZulu-Natal.[1] From very early he began writing poetry and short stories in Zulu, and by age eleven he was being published in local papers.[2] He later undertook a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Natal in Zulu and history and later a Master of Arts in Zulu Poetry.[3] His Master's thesis was titled An Analytical Survey of Zulu Poetry, Both Traditional and Modern.[2] There he criticized the changing nature of Zulu literature, and its emulation of the Western tradition.[2] He won a Bantu Literary Competition in 1956 and left for London to study at the School of Oriental and African Studies, London in 1959.[3]
He opposed the apartheid government as the head of the African United Front.[3] Fleeing into exile from the country in 1959, he helped push for the anti-apartheid movement in Britain between 1959-1968.[1][3] Kunene was closely affiliated with the African National Congress, quickly becoming their main representative in Europe and the United States in 1962.[1] He would later become the director of finance for the ANC in 1972.[3] He became a Professor of African literature at the University of California, Los Angeles in 1975 after lecturing in a number of universities as a cultural advisor for UNESCO.[1] He remained at UCLA for nearly two decades, retiring in 1992.[1]
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Mazisi (Raymond) Kunene (12 May 1930 – 11 August 2006) was a South African poet best known for his poem Emperor Shaka the Great. While in exile from South Africa's apartheid regime, Kunene was an active supporter and organizer of the anti-apartheid movement in Europe and Africa. He would later teach at UCLA and become Africa's and South Africa's poet laureate.
Kunene was born in Durban, in the modern province of KwaZulu-Natal.[1] From very early he began writing poetry and short stories in Zulu, and by age eleven he was being published in local papers.[2] He later undertook a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Natal in Zulu and history and later a Master of Arts in Zulu Poetry.[3] His Master's thesis was titled An Analytical Survey of Zulu Poetry, Both Traditional and Modern.[2] There he criticized the changing nature of Zulu literature, and its emulation of the Western tradition.[2] He won a Bantu Literary Competition in 1956 and left for London to study at the School of Oriental and African Studies, London in 1959.[3]
He opposed the apartheid government as the head of the African United Front.[3] Fleeing into exile from the country in 1959, he helped push for the anti-apartheid movement in Britain between 1959-1968.[1][3] Kunene was closely affiliated with the African National Congress, quickly becoming their main representative in Europe and the United States in 1962.[1] He would later become the director of finance for the ANC in 1972.[3] He became a Professor of African literature at the University of California, Los Angeles in 1975 after lecturing in a number of universities as a cultural advisor for UNESCO.[1] He remained at UCLA for nearly two decades, retiring in 1992.[1]
Kunene wrote and published poetry from very early in his life. His works were written originally in Zulu and then translated into English.[3] In 1966, his works were banned by the Apartheid government of South Africa.[4] In 1970, Kunene published Zulu Poems, an anthology of poems ranging from "moral reflection to political commentary."
In Emperor Shaka the Great, published in English in 1979, Kunene tells the story of the rise of the Zulu under Shaka. World Literature Today contributor Christopher Larson described it as "a monumental undertaking and achievement by any standards." [3] This extremely nationalistic work charted the growth of the Zulu nation under Shaka, as he reforms the military and the nation and conquers many of the tribes around Zululand.
Anthem of the Decades:A Zulu Epic published in English in 1981 tells the Zulu legend of how death came to mankind. In 1982, Kunene published a second collection of poems titled The Ancestors and the Sacred Mountain: Poems containing 100 of his poems.[1] This collection had a particular emphasis on socio-political topics.[3]
Unodumehlezi Kamenzi was published in 2017 on the tenth anniversary of his death. This book is the isiZulu edition of Emperor Shaka the Great and embraces Kunene's original dream to have his poem published as intended in the original isiZulu form.[5][6][7]
Kunene returned to South Africa in 1992 where he taught at the University of Natal until his retirement. UNESCO made him Africa's poet laureate in 1993 and in 2005 he became South Africa's first poet laureate.[1] He died 11 August 2006 in Durban after a lengthy bout of cancer.[1][8] He was survived by his wife and four children.[1]
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Byron LaBeach (born 11 October 1930 in Kingston, Jamaica) is a retired Jamaican sprinter who competed in the 1952 Summer Olympics.[1] He also won gold medals at the Central American and Caribbean Games with the Jamaican 4×100 metres relay and 4×400 metres relay teams. He is the brother of Panamanian sprinter Lloyd La Beach.
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Julius La Rosa (January 2, 1930 – May 12, 2016) was an Italian-American traditional popular music singer, who worked in both radio and television beginning in the 1950s.[1]
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Irwin Lachman (born August 2, 1930) is a co-inventor of the catalytic converter.
Lachman was born August 2 in Brooklyn, New York in 1930 and grew up in Jersey Homesteads, New Jersey, and attended Upper Freehold Township High School (later renamed Allentown High School).[1] Lachman was born in Brooklyn, New York, where late his family moved to New Jersey, attending the public schools.[2] He received a B.S. in ceramic engineering from Rutgers University in 1952, and then a M.S. and a Ph.D. in ceramic engineering while at Ohio State University in 1953 and 1955.[2] After serving with the U.S. Air Force, he worked for Thermo Materials, Inc. and the Sandia National Laboratory before joining Corning’s ceramic research in 1960.[2] Lachman retired in 1994 and pursued his artistic interests by creating monoprints that he exhibits in galleries and at shows. Nowadays, he lives peacefully in California with his wife Ruthie Lachman.
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Julius La Rosa (January 2, 1930 – May 12, 2016) was an Italian-American traditional popular music singer, who worked in both radio and television beginning in the 1950s.[1]
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Irwin Lachman (born August 2, 1930) is a co-inventor of the catalytic converter.
Lachman was born August 2 in Brooklyn, New York in 1930 and grew up in Jersey Homesteads, New Jersey, and attended Upper Freehold Township High School (later renamed Allentown High School).[1] Lachman was born in Brooklyn, New York, where late his family moved to New Jersey, attending the public schools.[2] He received a B.S. in ceramic engineering from Rutgers University in 1952, and then a M.S. and a Ph.D. in ceramic engineering while at Ohio State University in 1953 and 1955.[2] After serving with the U.S. Air Force, he worked for Thermo Materials, Inc. and the Sandia National Laboratory before joining Corning’s ceramic research in 1960.[2] Lachman retired in 1994 and pursued his artistic interests by creating monoprints that he exhibits in galleries and at shows. Nowadays, he lives peacefully in California with his wife Ruthie Lachman.
At Corning Glass Works, Lachman was a member of the team that invented the first inexpensive, mass producible catalytic converter for automobiles operating internal combustion engines. In addition to Irwin Lachman, the team consisted of engineer Rodney Bagley and geologist Ronald Lewis.While working at Corning, Irwin Lachman co-invented the ceramic substrate found almost in all catalytic converters.[2] The catalytic converters provide cleaner automotive emissions, which greatly reduce the amount harmful pollutants.[2]
Lachman, along with his colleagues were critical with developing an efficient and feasible catalytic converter. Later did he realize ceramics could be ideally suited to meet the demands placed on a catalytic converter.[2] The composition he worked on offered better resistance to sudden and extreme temperature fluctuations.[2] Lachman’s fundamental ceramics technology ultimately decreases pollution released into the environment. [2] Their work was a response to the Clean Air Act (1970) and reduced polluting emissions from the combustion process by 95%. Additionally, because the catalyst they used in their invention, platinum, required removing lead from gasoline as an additive, their device offered a secondary benefit to the environment by reducing lead pollution.
Working together in the early 1970s at Corning Inc. in Corning, N.Y., Lachman, Bagley and Lewis all used cellular ceramic technology to create the ceramic honeycomb that became the essential core component of catalytic converters.[3] Lachman and Lewis worked on the project for two years to develop a new ceramic material that had all the key characteristics they had been in need of: high temperature durability, low thermal expansion, low thermal conductivity at high temperatures, light weight and controlled porosity.[3]
Lachman, along with Bagley and Lewis, were inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2002 [4] and received the 2003 National Medal of Technology at a White House ceremony.[5] The team also won the International Ceramics Prize of 1996 for Industry and Innovation "Advanced Ceramics." [6] Lachman received a B. Eng. from Rutgers Universityin 1952 and a Ph.D. in ceramic engineering from Ohio State University in 1955, holds 47 U.S. patents and has authored numerous technical papers.[7]
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Kay Lahusen (born January 5, 1930), also known as Kay Tobin Lahusen or Kay Tobin, is the first openly gay American woman photojournalist.[1] Lahusen's photographs of lesbians appeared on several of the covers of The Ladder from 1964 to 1966 while her partner, Barbara Gittings, was the editor. Lahusen helped with the founding of the original Gay Activists Alliance (GAA) in 1970, she contributed to a New York-based weekly newspaper named Gay Newsweekly, and co-authored The Gay Crusaders with Randy Wicker. She adopted the surname "Tobin"[when?] as a pseudonym for a period of time, but apparently never legally changed her name.
Katherine Lahusen was born to George H. and Katherine W. Lahusen in 1930, and brought up in Cincinnati, Ohio. She developed her interest in photography as a child. "Even as a kid I liked using a little box camera and pushing it and trying to get something artsy out of it", she recalled.[2] She discovered while in college that she had romantic feelings for a woman and she had a relationship with her for six years, but after the woman left "in order to marry and have a normal life", Lahusen was devastated by the loss.[2]
.Lahusen spent the next six years in Boston working in the reference library of The Christian Science Monitor. She met Barbara Brooks Gittings in 1961 at a Daughters of Bilitis picnic in Rhode Island. They became a couple and Lahusen moved to Philadelphia to be with Gittings. When Gittings took over The Ladder in 1963, Lahusen made it a priority to improve the quality of art on the covers. Where previously there were simple line drawings, characterized by Lahusen as "pretty bland, little cats, insipid human figures,"[2] Lahusen began to add photographs of real lesbians on the cover beginning in September 1964. The first showed two women from the back, on a beach looking out to sea. But Lahusen really wanted to add full-face portraits of lesbians. "If you go around as if you don't dare show your face, it sends forth a terrible message", Lahusen remembered.[1]
.Lahusen spent the next six years in Boston working in the reference library of The Christian Science Monitor. She met Barbara Brooks Gittings in 1961 at a Daughters of Bilitis picnic in Rhode Island. They became a couple and Lahusen moved to Philadelphia to be with Gittings. When Gittings took over The Ladder in 1963, Lahusen made it a priority to improve the quality of art on the covers. Where previously there were simple line drawings, characterized by Lahusen as "pretty bland, little cats, insipid human figures,"[2] Lahusen began to add photographs of real lesbians on the cover beginning in September 1964. The first showed two women from the back, on a beach looking out to sea. But Lahusen really wanted to add full-face portraits of lesbians. "If you go around as if you don't dare show your face, it sends forth a terrible message", Lahusen remembered.[1]
Several covers showed various women willing to pose in profile, or in sunglasses, but in January 1966 she was finally able to get a full-face portrait. Lilli Vincenz, open and smiling, adorned the cover of The Ladder. By the end of Gittings' period as editor, Lahusen remembered there was a waiting list of women who wanted to be full-face on the cover of the magazine.[2] She wrote articles in The Ladder under the name Kay Tobin, a name she picked out of the phone book, and which she found was easier for people to pronounce and remember.[citation needed]
Lahusen photographed Gittings and other people who picketed federal buildings and Independence Hall in the mid to late 1960s. She contributed photographs and articles to a Manhattan newspaper called Gay Newsweekly, and worked in New York City's Oscar Wilde Memorial Bookstore, the first bookstore devoted to better literature on gay themes, and to disseminating materials that promoted a gay political agenda. She worked with Gittings in the gay caucus of the American Library Association, and photographed thousands of activists, marches, and events in the 1960s and 1970s. Frank Kameny and Jack Nichols and many other gay activists became her subjects.[citation needed]
In the 1980s Lahusen became involved in real estate, and placed ads in gay papers. She also organized agents to get them to march in New York City's Gay Pride Parade. More recently, her photographs have been featured in exhibits at The William Way Community Center in Philadelphia and the Wilmington Institute Library in Delaware. In 2007, all of Lahusen's photos and writings and Gittings' papers and writings were donated to the New York Public Library.[3] Lahusen and Gittings were together for 46 years when Gittings died of breast cancer on February 18, 2007, aged 74. Lahusen was working on collecting her photographs for a photography scrapbook on the history of the gay rights movement when Gittings' illness put the plans on hold. Lahusen currently resides in Kennett Square, Pennsylvania in an assisted living facility.
A plot of land at the Congressional Cemetery in Washington, D.C. has been allotted to Lahusen next to the burial place of Gittings.[4]
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John Eric Lake (born February 18, 1930 in Albany, New York - disappeared December 10, 1967) was the sports editor of Newsweekuntil his mysterious disappearance.[1]
John Eric Lake was born February 18, 1930 in Albany, New York.[citation needed] He graduated in 1951 with a B.A. degree in journalism from Syracuse University, where he met his wife Alice Conlin.[1] The couple married in 1952 while Lake was serving in the U.S. Navy in Honolulu, Hawaii.[1] He returned to graduate school at Syracuse after he was discharged from the U.S. Navy.[1] The couple had a daughter and a son.[1][2] His wife and children later moved to New Jersey and then to Islesford, Cranberry Island, Maine.[1] John Lake was declared missing in December 1967 and deceased by a court in New Jersey in 1975.[1][3]
The Binghamton News Press hired both John Lake and his wife in 1952, and he worked in sports while she wrote features.[1] In 1959 Lake became a staff writer at the New York Herald Tribune.[1][3] Lake worked with Red Smith while at the Tribune.[citation needed] In February 1964, he moved to Newsweek to become its sports editor.[1][2][3] He succeeded Dick Schaap in this role.[citation needed] In his last year at the magazine, Lake authored three cover stories (nine in four years) on such varied topics as "The Black Athlete", the Indy 500 and the World Series.[citation needed] Lake was hired as a ghost writer for Bob Gibson's autobiography and had all but submitted the work.[4][5] Lake's last issue for Newsweek was the December 11, 1967 issue with a cover featuring a dark-haired, bespectacled Robert McNamara, asked, "Why is He Leaving?"[citation needed] After Lake's disappearance in 1967, he was replaced as sports editor six months later by Pete Axthelm, a writer for Sports Illustrated.[citation needed]
John Lake was last seen in midtown Manhattan, New York City, on Sunday, December 10, 1967. At that time, he was walking toward the subway to go home.[3][6][7] A missing persons report was filed by his wife, Alice, at the 6th Precinct of the NYPD on December 14, 1967.[3] His disappearance was investigated by the Pinkerton Detective Agency, which was hired by Newsweek.[3] Years after, a police officer from missing persons showed his son a February 1968 photo of a corpse who closely resembled Lake but could not be positively identified.[3]
Lake was admired by other journalists and athletes. Peter Benchley, author and screenwriter, who edited the Radio/TV section at Newsweek at the time, admitted to being intimidated by him.[citation needed] Mario Andretti, auto race driver, called him the most prepared journalist from the national media that ever interviewed him.[citation needed] Bert Sugar, boxing raconteur, recalls it was John Lake that moved press conferences from showmanship to seriousness with a single question.[citation needed]
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Jona Laks (born 1930) is a Polish Jewish Holocaust survivor who was subject to human experimentation by Josef Mengele at the Auschwitz concentration camp. After the war she founded and served as chairwoman of the Organization of the Mengele Twins. In January 2015 she addressed the United Nations General Assembly at its International Day of Commemoration in Memory of the Victims of the Holocaust Memorial Ceremony. She has been featured in several documentary films.
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John Eric Lake (born February 18, 1930 in Albany, New York - disappeared December 10, 1967) was the sports editor of Newsweekuntil his mysterious disappearance.[1]
John Eric Lake was born February 18, 1930 in Albany, New York.[citation needed] He graduated in 1951 with a B.A. degree in journalism from Syracuse University, where he met his wife Alice Conlin.[1] The couple married in 1952 while Lake was serving in the U.S. Navy in Honolulu, Hawaii.[1] He returned to graduate school at Syracuse after he was discharged from the U.S. Navy.[1] The couple had a daughter and a son.[1][2] His wife and children later moved to New Jersey and then to Islesford, Cranberry Island, Maine.[1] John Lake was declared missing in December 1967 and deceased by a court in New Jersey in 1975.[1][3]
The Binghamton News Press hired both John Lake and his wife in 1952, and he worked in sports while she wrote features.[1] In 1959 Lake became a staff writer at the New York Herald Tribune.[1][3] Lake worked with Red Smith while at the Tribune.[citation needed] In February 1964, he moved to Newsweek to become its sports editor.[1][2][3] He succeeded Dick Schaap in this role.[citation needed] In his last year at the magazine, Lake authored three cover stories (nine in four years) on such varied topics as "The Black Athlete", the Indy 500 and the World Series.[citation needed] Lake was hired as a ghost writer for Bob Gibson's autobiography and had all but submitted the work.[4][5] Lake's last issue for Newsweek was the December 11, 1967 issue with a cover featuring a dark-haired, bespectacled Robert McNamara, asked, "Why is He Leaving?"[citation needed] After Lake's disappearance in 1967, he was replaced as sports editor six months later by Pete Axthelm, a writer for Sports Illustrated.[citation needed]
John Lake was last seen in midtown Manhattan, New York City, on Sunday, December 10, 1967. At that time, he was walking toward the subway to go home.[3][6][7] A missing persons report was filed by his wife, Alice, at the 6th Precinct of the NYPD on December 14, 1967.[3] His disappearance was investigated by the Pinkerton Detective Agency, which was hired by Newsweek.[3] Years after, a police officer from missing persons showed his son a February 1968 photo of a corpse who closely resembled Lake but could not be positively identified.[3]
Lake was admired by other journalists and athletes. Peter Benchley, author and screenwriter, who edited the Radio/TV section at Newsweek at the time, admitted to being intimidated by him.[citation needed] Mario Andretti, auto race driver, called him the most prepared journalist from the national media that ever interviewed him.[citation needed] Bert Sugar, boxing raconteur, recalls it was John Lake that moved press conferences from showmanship to seriousness with a single question.[citation needed]
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Jona Laks (born 1930) is a Polish Jewish Holocaust survivor who was subject to human experimentation by Josef Mengele at the Auschwitz concentration camp. After the war she founded and served as chairwoman of the Organization of the Mengele Twins. In January 2015 she addressed the United Nations General Assembly at its International Day of Commemoration in Memory of the Victims of the Holocaust Memorial Ceremony. She has been featured in several documentary films.
Jona was nine years old when Nazi Germany invaded Poland in September 1939.[2] Jona and her family, residents of Łódź, were incarcerated in the Łódź ghetto, from which her parents were deported to the Chelmno extermination camp in 1942.[2] In August 1944[2]she and her two sisters, including her twin, Miriam, were deported to the Auschwitz concentration camp.[3][4] Mengele, not recognizing she was a twin, sent the 14-year-old Jona in the direction of the gas chambers.[4] However, when her older sister apprised Mengele of that fact, Jona and Miriam were sent to Mengele's "laboratory" for twins research.[3][5] Jona was tattooed with the number A27700 and Miriam received the number A27725.[1]
With the evacuation of Auschwitz on January 27, 1945, Jona and Miriam were sent on a death march to the Ravensbrück concentration camp; they were later incarcerated in nearby Malchow.[2] They were liberated near Leipzig on May 8, 1945.[1][2] Jona and Miriam returned to Łódź, but following the 1946 Kielce pogrom they were taken to London and cared for by Jewish families.[2] In 1948 Jona immigrated alone to Palestine.[2] She eventually resided in Tel Aviv with her husband.[4]
Laks founded and serves as chairwoman of the Organization of the Mengele Twins.[6] She addressed the United Nations General Assembly on the International Day of Commemoration in Memory of the Victims of the Holocaust, January 28, 2015, and participated in a United Nations Radio documentary of her life.[7] She was also featured in the 2006 film Forgiving Dr. Mengele as a foil to the main protagonist, Eva Mozes Kor, another Mengele twin who publicly forgave Nazi perpetrators of the Holocaust.[8][9] Unlike Kor, Laks contended that "some things cannot be forgiven".[10][11]
***********************************************************************************************************************Vikki LaMotta (January 23, 1930 – January 25, 2005), born Beverly Thailer, was an American model known as the second wife of champion boxer Jake LaMotta, during his peak years of success, during which time Vikki became a celebrity.
***********************************************************************************************************************Vikki LaMotta (January 23, 1930 – January 25, 2005), born Beverly Thailer, was an American model known as the second wife of champion boxer Jake LaMotta, during his peak years of success, during which time Vikki became a celebrity.
In the 1990s, she wrote an autobiography, but requested it not be released until after her death due to the information revealed in the book. After she died in 2005, Knockout!: The Sexy, Violent, Extraordinary Life of Vikki LaMotta was released.[1]
She was born in the Bronx, the daughter of Abraham Lucien and Margaret 'Ruth' Thailer. She had several siblings, including two sisters, Phyllis and Patricia. Her paternal grandparents were immigrants from Romania.[2]
She married LaMotta when she was 16 after they met at a community pool. It was his second marriage and Vikki's first. They divorced in 1957, after 11 years of marriage. During that time, Jake's boxing career had started to slow down, and he began taking out his anger on Vikki. He became controlling of her, and Vikki was forced to leave him even though, at the time, they had three small children.[3]
They had a daughter Christi and two sons – Jake Jr. and Joe – both of whom died in 1998. Jake Jr. died of liver cancer and Joe in an airplane crash. In 1962, she married Tony Foster; they had a son, Harrison, and later divorced.[4]
She was portrayed by actress Cathy Moriarty in the 1980 film Raging Bull. Moriarty was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance as Vikki.[5] She is also known for her work as a model. She later posed for a nude pictorial in Playboy magazine in November 1981, at age 51. In her later years, she appeared in commercials for Vikki LaMotta Cosmetics, which as of 2016 is still operating.[6] In 1992, she relocated to Florida, living on Hillsboro Beach.
She died following open-heart surgery in Boca Raton, Florida on January 25, 2005, two days after her 75th birthday.[7]
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John Michael Landy AC, CVO, MBE, FTSE (born 12 April 1930) is an Australian retired middle-distance runner and politician. He was the second man to break the four-minute mile barrier in the mile run, and held the world records for the 1500 metre run and the mile race. He was also the 26th Governor of Victoria from 2001 to 2006.
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John Michael Landy AC, CVO, MBE, FTSE (born 12 April 1930) is an Australian retired middle-distance runner and politician. He was the second man to break the four-minute mile barrier in the mile run, and held the world records for the 1500 metre run and the mile race. He was also the 26th Governor of Victoria from 2001 to 2006.
Born in Melbourne, John Landy attended Malvern Memorial Grammar School and Geelong Grammar School. He graduated from Melbourne University in 1954, receiving a Bachelor of Agricultural Science.
During his school years, Landy enjoyed watching middle distance track events. He became a serious runner during his college years, joining the Geelong Guild Athletic Club in 1949; he was a member of the Australian Olympic team at both the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki and 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, taking the Olympic Oath at the 1956 Olympics.[3]
On 21 June 1954, at an international meet at Turku, Finland, Landy became the second man, after Roger Bannister, to achieve a sub-4-minute mile, recording a world record time of 3:57.9, ratified by the IAAF as 3:58.0 owing to the rounding rules then in effect. That record held for more than three years.
Worldwide, Landy is probably best known for his part in a mile race in the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games, held at Vancouver, British Columbia. Landy ran his second sub-4-minute mile in the race, but lost to Roger Bannister, who had his best-ever time. This meeting of the world's two fastest milers was called "The Miracle Mile", the "Race of the Century" and the "Dream Race"; it was heard over the radio by 100 million people and seen on television by millions more. On the final turn of the last lap, as Landy looked over his left shoulder, Bannister passed him on the right. A larger-than-life bronze sculpture of the two men at this moment was created by Vancouver sculptor Jack Harman in 1967 from a photograph by Vancouver Sun photographer Charlie Warner and stood for many years at the entrance to Empire Stadium; after the stadium was demolished the sculpture was moved a short distance away to the Hastings and Renfrew entrance of the Pacific National Exhibition (PNE) fairgrounds. In 2015 it returned to the site of the stadium.[4] Regarding this sculpture, Landy quipped that "While Lot's wife was turned into a pillar of salt for looking back, I am probably the only one ever turned into bronze for looking back."[5]
In Australia, Landy is remembered for his performance in the one mile final at the 1956 Australian National Championships prior to the Melbourne Olympic Games . In the race, Landy stopped and doubled back to check on fellow runner Ron Clarke after another runner clipped Clarke's heel, causing him to fall early in the third lap of the race. Clarke, the then-junior mile world record holder, who had been leading the race, got back to his feet and started running again; Landy followed. Incredibly, in the final two laps Landy made up a large deficit to win the race, something considered one of the greatest moments in Australian sporting history. Said the National Centre for History and Education in Australia, "It was a spontaneous gesture of sportsmanship and it has never been forgotten."[6] Sculptor Mitch Mitchell created a bronze sculpture of the moment when Landy helps Clarke to his feet. It has recently been moved from the north west corner of Punt Road and Swan Street to Olympic Park, Melbourne.
On 1 January 2001, Landy was sworn in as the 26th Governor of Victoria, succeeding Sir James Gobbo. He was appointed by Premier of Victoria Steve Bracks, who remained premier throughout his term.
On 15 March 2006, in the final month of his term as governor, John Landy was the final runner in the Queen's Baton relay during the 2006 Commonwealth Games Opening Ceremony at the MCG stadium in Melbourne, presenting the baton to the Queen by placing it in its specially constructed holder.
He retired as governor on 7 April 2006, being succeeded by Professor David de Kretser.
John Landy worked as senior manager at ICI Australia, and had a successful public speaking career. For eight years (1971–78) Landy served on the Victorian Land Conservation Council, contributing to debates and recommendations about the balanced use of public land across Victoria.[7] An avid naturalist, Landy has written two books on natural history.
He was Commissioner-General for the Australian exhibit at Expo 92.
On 12 February 2009 Landy was appointed the chair of the Victorian Bushfire Appeal Fund Advisory Panel.[8] He stood down from the position on 7 September that same year.
In 1955, John Landy was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) for services to sport,[9] was awarded the Australian Sports Medal in 2000,[10] and in 2001 he was awarded the Centenary Medal,[11] made a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC)[12] and a Knight of Grace of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem. In 2006 he was appointed a Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO) during the Queen's visit to Australia.[13]
He was inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame in 1985.[14]
Over the years, Landy has been awarded numerous honorary degrees, the first being a Doctor of Laws from the University of Victoria in 1994. Then, in 1997, a Doctor of Rural Science from the University of New England, followed by a Doctor of Laws from the University of Melbourne in 2003 and Doctor of Laws from Deakin University in 2009.
On 12 July 2008, John Landy was the guest speaker at his club's Centenary Dinner held at North Geelong. Landy has been a Life Member of the Geelong Guild Athletic Club since April 1958. Named after Landy, Landy Field in South Geelong is the Geelong region's major athletic facility.
East Doncaster Secondary College has a VCE centre dedicated in Landy's honour.
Central Park, in Malvern East, Melbourne has a sports oval dedicated to John Landy with a plaque which reads in part "Named in honour of John Landy, resident of Central Park Road, who used this oval for his training..."
In the 1988 television mini-series The Four Minute Mile, detailing the rivalry between Landy and Roger Bannister, John Landy was portrayed by actor Nique Needles.
Landy married his wife, Lynne, in 1971, and they have two children, Matthew and Alison.[15]
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Bettye Lane (September 19, 1930, Boston – September 19, 2012, Manhattan) was an American photojournalist known for documenting major events within the Feminist Movement, the Civil Rights Movement, and the Gay Rights Movement in the United States.[1] She joined CBS Television in 1960, and from 1962–1964 she was with the Saturday Evening Post. Her work has been published in The National Observer, Time, Life, and the Associated Press.
Lane's work has been exhibited at the Smithsonian Institution and some of her photographs are part of the permanent collection at the National Museum of Women in the Arts. Her work is also part of the collections of the New York Public Library and the libraries at Harvard University and Duke University. Her photographs have also been utilized in documentary films and published books.
Lane died on her 82nd birthday.[2]
Bettye Lane (born Elizabeth Foti) was one of the eight children of italian immigrants Luigi and Antonietta Foti. After her father returned to Italy, her mother was left struggling to pay the bills and was forced to put her into the care of a wealthier family for a time. Elizabeth was later forced to drop out of elementary school to work in a shoe factory.[3] After a brief marriage to a World War II veteran, she moved to New York, keeping her married name.[3]
Lane became exposed to public relations in 1959 when she began to attend the Boston University School of Public Relations and Communications. Lane finished school in 1962. From 1959 to 1962, Lane was affiliated with the Harvard University News Office, exposing herself to working with current events. Additionally, Lane was hired by CBS television in 1960. Lane's work with public relations and the news, from 1959 to 1962, prepared her for her first job as a photojournalist. In 1962, the Saturday Evening Post hired her as a photo journalist and she worked there until 1964.[4] In 1966, the National Observer hired Lane for the same position and she stayed there until 1977.[5] Lane was hired by the National Observer after she met the newspaper's photo editor at protest in 1966. He was so impressed with her devotion and dedication that he hired her and eventually helped make her become known as the official photographer of the women's movement.[6]
It was during her time working at the National Observer, a New York weekly newspaper, that Lane was given her big break. In 1970, Lane had her first encounter with the women's movement when she was assigned to cover the first Women's Strike for Equality. The protest was organized by the National Organization for Women and fought for women's equality in the workplace. After photographing the Women's Strike for Equality, Lane became obsessed with photographing the women's movement and made it her business to attend and photograph every protest and rally, whether she was assigned to do so or not. It was this dedication that resulted in Lane becoming known as the official photographer of the women's movement.[2]
After leaving the National Observer in 1977, Lane became independent, not tying herself down to a certain publication, however, she took assignments from Time Magazine, Life Magazine and The Associated Press.[2]
Lane focused her work on civil rights demonstrations, protest during the time Vietnam war and marches for gay rights. She was one of the few photographers to document the Stonewall riots in Greenwich Village, considered the beginning the gay rights movement in the United States.
Lane died September 19, 2012. Her health problems ranged from stomach cancer to rheumatoid arthritis . She was survived by one sister, Josephine Caton of Boston, and several nephews and nieces.[3][1]
She is considered “the official photographer of the women’s movement”.[2][7] Her photographs have been featured in more than 70 documentaries and books about the Stonewall riots. One of her photos was included in the “Celebrate the Century” US Postal stamp series for 2000. Lesbian author and activist Sarah Schulman wrote “her photos from the era are classics, showing women, men, trans people, drag, and the people of color intrinsic to the movement at the time”.[3]
Lane spent the end of her life organizing her photographs and donating them to different organizations to shed light on the history of the women's movement.[2] Her legacy is preserved at the Schlesinger Library at Harvard University, the Library of Congress, the National Museum of Women in the Arts, in Washington, DC, the New York Public Library, and the Rubenstein Library at Duke University.
Her photographs stand out from other photographers because while she did photograph the important leaders of the women's movement, Lane photographed everyday, ordinary people during the protests. She found that these photographs captured the emotion and essence of the women's movement better than the photographs of leaders.[8]
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Felicia Langer (9 December 1930 – 21 June 2018) was a German-Israeli attorney and human rights activist known for her defence of Palestinian political prisoners in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. She authored several books alleging human rights violations on the part of Israeli authorities. She lived in Germany from 1990 and acquired German citizenship in 2008. In July 2009, President of GermanyHorst Köhler awarded her the Federal Cross of Merit, First class, which is the fifth highest of Germany's federal order of merit's eight ranks.[1] The bestowal triggered a public controversy because of her attitude towards the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
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[hide]Youth in Eastern Europe[edit]
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Felicia-Amalia Langer was born of Jewish parents in the Polish town of Tarnów in 1930. In 1939, her family fled from the German invasion to the Soviet Union, where her father died in one of Stalin's gulag prisons. Other relatives were murdered by the Nazis. In 1949, she married Mieciu Langer in Breslau, a survivor of Nazi concentration camps who had lost his entire family in the Holocaust.
Time in Israel[edit]
In 1950, the young couple emigrated to Israel, where their son was born in 1953. In 1959 she started studying law at Hebrew University Jerusalem, where she obtained a law degree in 1965.[citation needed]
She briefly worked for a Tel Aviv law firm, but then opened up her own lawyer's office in 1966. She was opposed to the conduct of the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza, and so established a private practice in Jerusalem defending Palestinian political detainees. Langer was the first lawyer to assist Palestinians in cases involving land confiscation, house demolition, deportation, and torture before Israeli military courts.[2]
Langer only infrequently won cases in her 23-year career. In 1977, she lost her licence to defend Israeli conscientious objectors before Israeli courts[citation needed] and could be excluded from proceedings at any time on the account of security concerns. Langer counts her successful defence in 1979 of Nablus mayor Bassam Shaka as the high point of her career. Shaka had been a PLO supporter and outspoken critic of the Camp David accords, and was subsequently accused of inciting terrorism by his public statements and issued an expulsion order. Langer defended him successfully, having the expulsion order overturned by the Israeli supreme court.[3] For many years Langer was vice president of the Israeli League for Human and Civil Rights.
She joined the bi-national, anti-Zionist and pro-Palestinian New Communist List Rakah, in which she became part of the central committee.[4]
In 1990 she departed from the party after an internal conflict of orientation, closed her lawyer’s office and moved to Germany with her husband. In an interview with the Washington Post, Langer said she quit because Palestinians no longer can expect justice in Israel.[5]
Time in Germany[edit]
From 1990, she lived in Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany, and acquired German citizenship in 2008. She accepted teaching positions at the universities of Bremen and Kassel and continues to author books which have been translated to several languages. She became patron of the association Refugees´ Children in Lebanon which assists Palestinian refugee families. After March 2009 she supported the newly founded Russell Tribunal for Palestine.[citation needed]
In her writings, lectures and interviews she criticized the Israeli policy in the occupied Palestinian territories, which she considered equivalent to an annexation. Langer furthermore considered the construction of Israeli settlements in the West Bank as undermining the possibility of a two-state solution and demands the complete and unconditional retreat of Israel from the territories conquered in 1967 and a right to return for any descendant of the Palestinian refugees.[citation needed]
In 1990, Langer received the Right Livelihood Award "for the exemplary courage of her struggle for the basic rights of the Palestinian people."[6]
In 1991, she was awarded the Bruno Kreisky Award for Outstanding Achievements in the Area of Human Rights.[7]
In 2002, she declared that whereas the Palestinian terrorist attacks were unjustifiable, the Israeli policy had "paved the way" for them. Within this context, she adopted the opinion of the deputy chairman of the German Liberal Party FDP Jürgen Möllemann, who had called the targeted killings of Palestinian subjects by Israeli security forces as an act of state terror. In 2003, she wrote the preface to a book written by Jamal Karsli.[who?][citation needed]
In 2005, Langer was awarded the Erich Mühsam Prize for her continuing struggle for the human rights of the Palestinian people.[8]
She was a supporter of the Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly, an organisation which campaigns for democratic reformation of the United Nations.[9] In 2007, she described the Israeli regime in the occupied Palestinian territories as "apartheid of present time".[citation needed]
Death[edit]
Federal Cross of Merit[edit]
Langer was awarded the Federal Cross of Merit, First class, by the President of Germany Horst Köhler following the nomination by the government of Baden-Württemberg, itself based on suggestions by the publicist Evelyn Hecht-Galinski and the city of Tübingen. At the award ceremony, on 16 July 2009 in Stuttgart, the decoration was bestowed by Hubert Wicker, a senior civil servant of Baden-Württemberg’s chancellery.[citation needed]
The official award acknowledges a lifetime effort of Langer for peace, justice and the respect of human rights, as well as her efforts for people in need of help without regard of their nationality or religion and independently of their personal political, or religious Motivation or Weltanschauung. He furthermore admonished her childhood and youth rife of distress/sorrow, war, persecution and flight.[11]
Discussion about the award[edit]
The federal state government led by Günther Oettinger had adopted the proposal after having consulted all commonly involved positions including the Federal Department of Foreign Affairs.[12]
The decision has been criticized by several Jewish municipalities as well as several prominent German Jews, Jewish and pro-Israeli organizations like the Central Council of Jews in Germany, the New York-based American Jewish Committee and the Deutsch-Israelischen Gesellschaft. Polish-German journalist and author Henryk Broder assumed that Köhler had made the decision, ignoring Langer's statements criticizing Israel.[13]
The deputy president of the Central Council of Jews in Germany Dieter Graumann declared in an interview, Germany had awarded a person who had been demonising Israel professionally, chronically and obsessively.[14]
Arno Lustiger, Ralph Giordano and Arno Hamburger announced their intent to return their Federal Crosses of Merit if Langer's award was not revoked. They said Langer had compared the Israeli policy to the Holocaust[15] and described her as a long-time "enemy of Israel" guilty of the "devastating effect" of a common German desiratum to disburden the own guiltiness by criticizing Israel.[16]
Langer said she never compared the Israeli foreign policy with the Holocaust, but considered it as a policy of apartheid.[17][18] Giordano later withdrew his announcement to return his award, maintaining his critique.[19]
The Israeli travellers' guide, Motke Shomrat, known for his advocacy for the conciliation between Israel and Germany, and honoured with a Federal Cross of Merit, returned it on 24 July 2009,[20] as Langer had supposedly consented anti-Israeli statements of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad,[21] which was denied by Langer.[17] Federal Cross of Merit holder Ralph Giordano said: "No one in the last 25 years, with a one-sidedness bordering on blindness, has done Israel more damage than this supposed human-rights lawyer."[22] Dieter Graumann, vice president of the Central Council of Jews in Germany, said that Langer was a "militant and fanatical hater of Israel".[23]
The American Jewish Committee wrote a letter to Köhler condemning the award. The letter expresses an "astonishment at the decision to honour an individual who for many years was an apologist for a regime which brought untold fear and misery upon the citizens of eastern Germany", and refers to her membership of the Israeli Communist Party.[24]
A sharp criticism in German newspapers was mentioned by the spokesman of the Israeli ministry of foreign affairs Yigal Palmor. He said that Langer had a long track of supporting forces in benefit of violence, death and extremism.[25]
As a result of the criticism, and in response to Arno Hamburger´s return of his award, Gert Haller, the highest ranking state secretary in the office of the President of Germany, Horst Köhler, wrote a letter to Hamburger saying that the grievance caused by the awarding was "terribly unfortunate." After requests by Hamburger he stated there was no legal basis to withdraw the award.[26][27][28]
Educationist Micha Brumlik criticized Langer's conduct, argumentation and choice of words as too one-sided. He considers that making Israel the only responsible for the situation in the Middle East is typical of an anti-Semitic pattern of argumentation. Nevertheless, she might deserve the Federal Cross of Merit on the merits of calling the attention to the permanent violations of the human rights of the Arab population in the occupied territories on the behalf of Israel.[29]
The mayor of Tübingen, Boris Palmer, and the government of Baden-Wurttemberg defended the bestowal, arguing that it rewarded Langer's lifework rather than her ideology.[30]
Langer characterised the criticisms of her distinction on 23 July 2009 as a smear campaign supposed to suppress criticism against Israel and rejected to return the Federal Cross of Merit.[31][32] Several elected officials, including the Mayor of Tübingen Boris Palmer and representatives of the Government of Baden Württemberg, underlined their support for the award.[33]
Books by Felicia Langer[edit]
Langer's books discuss the torture of detainees, routine violation of international law prohibiting deportation, as well as collective punishment.[citation needed]
- With My Own Eyes (1975)
- These Are My Brothers (1979)
- An Age of Stone (1987)
- Fury and Hope (1993) (autobiographical)
- Appearance and Truth in Palestine (1999)
- Miecius Report. Youth between the Ghetto and Theresienstadt (1999)
- Quo vadis Israel? The new Intifada of the Palestinians (2001)
- Books in German
- Die Zeit der Steine, Aus dem Hebräischen. Lamuv, Göttingen 1989; ISBN 9783889773791
- Zorn und Hoffnung. Aus dem Hebräischen. Lamuv, Göttingen 1991; ISBN 3-88977-440-7
- Brücke der Träume. Eine Israelin geht nach Deutschland. Aus dem Hebräischen. Lamuv, Göttingen 1994, ISBN 3-88977-385-0.
- Wo Hass keine Grenzen kennt: eine Anklageschrift. Aus dem Hebräischen und aus dem Englischen. Lamuv, Göttingen 1995; ISBN 3-88977-397-4
- «Laßt uns wie Menschen leben!» Schein und Wirklichkeit in Palästina. Aus dem Hebräischen und aus dem Englischen. Lamuv, Göttingen 1999; ISBN 3-88977-538-1
- Miecius später Bericht: eine Jugend zwischen Getto und Theresienstadt. Aus dem Hebräischen. Lamuv, Göttingen 1999; ISBN 3-88977-539-X
- Quo vadis, Israel? Die neue Intifada der Palästinenser. Aus dem Englischen. Lamuv, Göttingen 2001; ISBN 3-88977-615-9
- Brandherd Nahost. Oder: Die geduldete Heuchelei. Aus dem Englischen. Lamuv, Göttingen 2004; ISBN 3-88977-644-2
- Die Frau, die niemals schweigt. Stationen eines Lebens. Lamuv, Göttingen 2005; ISBN 3-88977-664-7
- Die Entrechtung der Palästinenser. 40 Jahre israelische Besatzung. Aus dem Englischen. Lamuv, Göttingen 2006, ISBN 3-88977-680-9.
- Um Hoffnung kämpfen. Lamuv, Göttingen 2008, ISBN 3-88977-688-4.
- Mit Leib und Seele - Autobiographische Notizen. Zambon, Frankfurt am Main 2012, ISBN 978-3-88975-201-7.
Awards[edit]
- Hans-Litten-Award - Union of Democratic Advocates (1988) [34]
- Right-Livelihood Award (1990) [35]
- Honorary Citizen of Nazaret (1990) [17]
- Bruno Kreisky Award - Merit of Human Rights (1991)[36]
- Under the top 50 of the most important women in Israel - Elected by the magazine "YOU" (1998) [17]
- Erich Mühsam Award of the Erich-Mühsam-Association (2005) [37][38]
- Human Rights Award - Association Protecting Human Rights and Human Dignity (2006) [39]
- Federal Cross of Merit, First Class (2009) [40]
- Palestinian Medal for Exceptional Merits (2012) [41][42]
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Ali Lankoandé (10 November 1930[1] – 28 May 2014) is a Burkinabé politician from Burkina Faso. He was President of the Party for Democracy and Progress/Socialist Party(PDP/PS) from 2005 to 2008.
Lankoandé headed the National Social Security Fund and served as a deputy in the National Assembly of Burkina Faso, as well as Minister of National Education, during the 1970s.[1]
Lankoandé was elected to succeed Joseph Ki-Zerbo as President of the PDP/PS on 5 February 2005.[1] Running as the PDP/PS candidate in the 13 November 2005 presidential election, Lankoandé placed sixth out of 13 candidates, receiving 1.74% of the vote. Lankoandé died on 28 May 2014. [2]
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Alda Ferreira Pires Barreto de Lara Albuquerque, known as Alda Lara (9 June 1930, Benguela, Angola – 30 January 1962, Cambambe, Angola) was a Portuguese-languageAngolan poet.[1][2]
Biography[edit]
Alda Lara was born on 9 June 1930 in Benguela, Angola. She came from a wealthy family and received a Christian education, which gave her a spirit of liberalism according to one commentator. Her brother was the noted poet Ernesto Lara Filho. Lara attended a women's school in Sá da Bandeira (now Lubango) before moving to Portugal to finisher her secondary schooling.[3] She attended Lisbon University and resided at the Casa dos Estudantes do Imperio (House of the Students of the Empire). She had an active student life and began her writing career by publishing poetry in the literary journal Mensagem, a publication specifically for Africans. Lara later attended the University of Coimbra and earned a degree in medicine.[4]
Lara wrote for several newspapers and magazines such as the Jornal de Benguela, the Jornal de Angola, and the ABC e Ciência.[3] She married the Mozambican-Portuguese writer Orlando Albuquerque and gave birth to four children. After living in Portugal for 13 years, Lara moved back to Angola in 1961.[4] However, her return would be short-lived, as she died on 30 January 1962 in Cambambe.[1] Her husband set about publishing her collected works after her death, including Poemas in 1966 and Tempo da Chuva in 1973. Lara's poems and short stories mostly deal with themes of motherhood and children as well as liberty and justice.[4] Much of her poetry reflect a dissatisfaction with the colonial status quo.[1]
The Alda Lara Prize (in Portuguese, Prémio Alda Lara) was established in her honour by the city of Lubango.[4] Paulo de Carvalho, a famed Portuguese singer, who has had a strong artistic career, recorded "Preludio/Mãe Negra", a poem written by Alda Lara.[5] Movimento, the second album of Aline Frazão released in 2013, features a poem by Lara set to music.[6]
Books (posthumous)[edit]
- Poemas (1966)
- Tempo da Chuva (1973)
- Poesia (1979)
- Poemas (1984) (her collected poems)
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Melvin Clarke Lastie, Sr. (November 18, 1930, New Orleans - December 4, 1972, New Orleans) was an American trumpeter, flugelhornist, and cornetist. He played jazz and was a session musician on many soul and rock records of the 1960s.
Lastie played with Paul Barbarin and Fats Domino while he was still a teenager. He served in the military during the Korean War, then formed a group with his brother David Lastie, which backed Big Joe Turner on tour throughout North America. He worked as a studio musician in the 1950s, including on recordings by Roy Brown, and played in a band led by Clarence Samuels alongside Ornette Coleman. In 1961 he joined the staff of AFO Records and worked with them as a producer and studio player in New Orleans as well as after the company moved to Los Angeles. He played extensively on soul and jazz recordings, including by Sam Cooke, Hank Crawford, Lou Donaldson, Dr. John, Aretha Franklin, Barbara George, Eddie Harris, Little Sonny Jones, Herbie Mann, David "Fathead" Newman, Dave Pike and The Rascals. Lastie was also active as an arranger, and played and arranged for several years in the 1960s for Willie Bobo. The song "Fried Neckbones", written by Lastie and Bobo, was covered by Santana at Woodstock.
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Augustus Lawson (born 24 May 1930) is a Ghanaian sprinter. He competed in the men's 4 × 100 metres relay at the 1952 Summer Olympics.[1]
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David Jerald Lawson (March 26, 1930 – May 31, 2007) was an American who gained notability as a pastor and university campus minister in the Methodist and United Methodist churches, as a district superintendent, annual conference official, and as a bishop of the United Methodist Church (UMC), elected in 1984. He also played a key role establishing and developing Africa University, which is the only UMC university on the continent.
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[hide]Birth and family[edit]
David was born in Princeton, Indiana and married Martha Ellen Pegram, also of Princeton. The Lawsons had two children: a son, John Mark, married to Louann (who have one son, Matthew); and a daughter, Karen Sue, married to Ray Eynon (who have two children, Rachel and Jacob). David also had a brother, John; married to Lilia; with son Vlad.
Education[edit]
Lawson earned degrees from the University of Evansville (A.B., 1955) and Garrett Biblical Institute (B.D., 1959). Additional studies included graduate work in psychology and counseling at Garrett and special studies in organizational development. Areas of independent studies included the Theology of Ordination, and the Ministry of Jesus in Galilee. He served as a trainer in leadership development, an instructor at the University of Evansville, a keynote speaker at several conferences on science and Christianity, and leader of laity and clergy retreats. He and his wife also served as certified trainers for Marriage Enrichment. He was a member of Pi Gamma Mu Social Science Honorary Fraternity.
Ordained ministry[edit]
David was admitted to Probationary Membership in the Indiana Annual Conference and was ordained a Deacon in The Methodist Church in 1956. He became a Member in Full Connection and was ordained an Elder in 1959. Both ordinations were officiated by Bishop Richard C. Raines.
David's pastoral ministry included the Epworth Church (student pastor) in the Indiana Conference and the Wolcott Church (also student) in the Northwest Indiana Conference. Following seminary graduation, he was appointed to Carrollton and Tell City, then to the Wesley Foundation at Indiana University, then the Beech Grove Church in Indianapolis. He was the Superintendent of the Evansville District and the Director of the South Indiana Conference Council on Ministries. He then was the Pastor of the Carmel Church (Indianapolis) when elected to the Episcopacy.
Prior to his election, David served as a delegate to the U.M. North Central Jurisdictional Conference (1972–84) and General Conference (1976–84). In South Indiana, he served as Registrar and Chairperson of the Conference Board of Ordained Ministry and as Chairperson of the Conference Camping Commission.
Episcopal ministry[edit]
Elected to the episcopacy by the North Central Jurisdictional Conference of the U.M.C. in 1984, Bishop Lawson was assigned the Wisconsin episcopal area (1984–92) and the Springfield Area (1992–96). As a Bishop he served as Vice President of the U.M. General Board of Higher Education and Ministry (President of Division on Chaplains and Related Ministry), and as Vice President and President of the General Board of Discipleship (Chairperson of Long Range Planning Committee). He served as a member of the Steering Committee for Africa University (Chairperson of its Curriculum and Design Committee, and Chairperson of the Selection Committee for the first Dean of its School of Tehology).
Bishop Lawson also served as President of the Wisconsin Conference of Churches. He was the President of the U.M. North Central College of Bishops, and on various committees of the Council of Bishops (including chairing the Committee to Study the Ministry). He was also a member of the Executive Committee of the World Methodist Council and President of its Committee on International Theological Education. Bishop Lawson also held many other responsibilities throughout the Church.
He served as a Trustee of many colleges and universities, including University of Evansville, North Central College, Illinois Wesleyan University, McKendree University, and MacMurray College. He also served as a Trustee of hospitals, including Methodist Hospital of Indiana, Meriter Hospital in Madison, Wisconsin, Methodist Medical Center of Peoria, Illinois, and several retirement homes in Wisconsin and Illinois.
Following retirement in 1996, Bishop Lawson served as Bishop-in-Residence and a faculty member of the Perkins School of Theology, Southern Methodist University.
Founding of Africa University[edit]
Lawson served on the Site Selection Committee for A.U., helping to select the site at Old Mutare, Zimbabwe. In consultation with Dean (now Bishop) David K. Yemba, he wrote the Mission Statement for the University's Faculty (School) of Theology. "He probably lived and breathed Africa University for a while," said James Salley, the University's Associate Vice Chancellor for Institutional Advancement, upon Bishop Lawson's death. "He will be greatly missed by all of us. He was a good friend of Africa University."
Death and funeral[edit]
Bishop David Jerald Lawson died 31 May 2007 at his home in Franklin, Indiana following a lengthy illness. He was 77 years old. A Memorial Service celebrating Bishop Lawson's life was held Monday, 11 June 2007 at 1:30 p.m. E.D.T. in the sanctuary of the Saint Luke U.M.C., 100 W. 86th St., Indianapolis, IN. Visitation with the family preceded the service. A private service with interment of ashes followed the Memorial Service. Bishop Lawson was survived by his wife, children and grandchildren.
Remembrances[edit]
Retired U.M. Bishop J. Woodrow Hearn called David Lawson "an extremely inisightful leader," dedicated to the mission of the Church. "He had always carried out his responsibilities with a warm heart, a loving interest in people and was dedicated to helping the world move toward the goal of being a part of the kingdom of God."
Bishop Michael J. Coyner called Lawson his "consecration bishop" as he recalled how Bishop Lawson preached at the 1996 Episcopal Consecration Service at the North Central Jurisdictional Conference, at which Coyner was consecrated a Bishop. "Since that time, David has been a colleague, friend, advisor and supporter," Coyner told members of the 2007 North Indiana Annual Conference as he announced Lawson's death. "He once told me, 'I am one of your balcony people – encouraging you in your ministry as a Bishop.' I have felt and experienced his support, especially since I returned to Indiana three years ago. I will miss having him around to provide that kind of encouragement and advice." Bishop Coyner was at the time assigned the Indiana Episcopal Area.
The Rev. Lloyd M. Wright, a seminary classmate and lifelong ministerial colleague, said Lawson "shared a rich life of talent and love, a legacy long to be remembered." Mr. Wright said further, "David was a man of deep drives of passion for ministry. He could hold you spellbound as he described his spiritual development at the time of his ordination as Deacon and at his ordination of Elder. David spent much of his leadership time with boards of ordained ministry. He shared a real passion for making every step into the ordained ministry a step of faith and growth."
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Janez Yvonne Lawson Bordeaux (22 February 1930 – 24 November 1990) was a chemical engineer who became one of NASA's computers. She was the first African-American hired into a technical position at Jet Propulsion Laboratory. She programmed the IBM 701.
Early life and education[edit]
Lawson was born on February 22, 1930, in Santa Monica, California.[1] Her parents were Hilliard Lawson and Bernice Lawson.[1] She attended Belmont High School and graduated in 1948.[1] Lawson completed a Bachelors degree in chemical engineering at the University of California, Los Angeles in 1952.[2] She was a straight-A student and President of the Delta Sigma Theta sorority.[3]
Career[edit]
Despite her qualifications, Lawson could not get work as a chemical engineer because of her race and gender. She saw an advert for a job as a computer in Pasadena.[2] There was dicussion about whether or not she should get the job, but Macie Roberts stood up for her.[4] Lawson got the job, and in 1953 was one of the first Jet Propulsion Laboratory employees to be sent to a training course at IBM.[2] Lawson was the first African-American hired into a technical position at Jet Propulsion Laboratory.[5] She was promoted to mathematician in 1954.[1] She became skilled at programming during the course, using a keypunch and learning speedcoding.[2] Lawson lived in Los Angeles and would commute for over an hour to the Jet Propulsion Laboratoryeveryday.[3][6] Lawson joined the Ramo-Wooldridge Corporation in the late 1950s.[1]
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Rex Jim Lawson (4 March 1935 – 1971), known as Cardinal Rex, was a singer, trumpeter and bandleader from Kalabari, Nigeria. He became one of the best-known highlifemusicians of the 1960s in Africa when Cardinal and his band dominated Nigeria’s highlife scene.
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[hide]Background[edit]
Rex Lawson was born on 4 March 1935 in Kalabari, Nigeria. He was the fourth child to his parents, the others having died of illnesses. At a young age, Lawson was afflicted with a severe case of small pox. While his mother brought him to various medicine men outside of Kalabari for treatment, his father feared he would die and lost interest in raising him. Lawson later sued his father for neglect while he was at school. He won the case, but his father cursed him in return, and the two did not communicate with one another until Lawson began his musical career.[1]
Musical career[edit]
Rex Lawson began his career in Port Harcourt as a bandboy for Lord Eddyson's Starlight Melody Orchestra. He later played with Sammy Obot, Bobby Benson, Victor Olaiya, Chris Ajilo, and other Ghanaian and Nigerian musicians and bands. His greatest success came as the leader of the Majors Band (also called the Rivers Men in later years); their recorded hits include So ala teme, Yellow Sisi, Gowon Special, and Jolly Papa.
A highly emotional and deep musician, Lawson was known to weep and shed tears while singing his own songs on stage, notably the haunting So ala teme. The late Sir Maliki Showman, the famous Nigerian tenor saxophonist who played with Rex Lawson, Bobby Benson and Victor Uwaifo, remembers Lawson as always placing music over money. Lawson is famed for his infectious gregariousness, his musical vision, talent, perseverance and individuality. After his death, the Rivers Men re-established themselves as The Professional Seagulls Dance Band and The Peacocks band.[2]
Death[edit]
Lawson died in 1971 in a car accident on his way to play a show in Warri, Nigeria. He was 36 years old. After his death, his band continued as the Professional Seagulls.[3] Lawson was married to Chief (Mrs.) Regina Rex Lawson who died in October 2008.[4]
Discography[edit]
- Albums
- Abari Biya (as Rex Lawson)
- Bere Bote (as Cardinal Rex Jim Lawson)
- Owuna Derina (as Cardinal Rex Jim Lawson)
- Nume Inye (as Cardinal Rex Jim Lawson)
- Contributing artist
- The Rough Guide to Highlife (2003, World Music Network)
Musical legacy[edit]
His music is loved to this day in Nigeria. His songs are regularly performed and danced at live band shows in Nigeria, and a number of young musicians have remixed some of his old hits, and his relevance continues to be felt. His most popular songs were "Love Adure" and "Sawale". The single "Sawale" was a hit all over Africa and has been remixed in various Africa countries like Ethiopia.
His single "Sawale" was remixed by Flavour N'abania to make the popular hit song, "Nwa Baby (Ashawo)".
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LaSalle Doheny Leffall Jr. (born May 22, 1930) is an American surgeon, oncologist, and medical educator. He is the Charles R. Drew Professor of Surgery at Howard University College of Medicine and has served in leadership positions for several healthcare organizations, including stints as president of the American Cancer Society and the American College of Surgeons.
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[hide]Early life[edit]
Leffall was born on May 22, 1930, in Tallahassee, Florida. His father had taught agriculture at Florida A&M College and had been a high school principal in Quincy, Florida, where Leffall grew up. Leffall was 15 when he graduated from high school, and he finished an undergraduate degree at Florida A&M in three years. He applied to Meharry Medical College and to the Howard University College of Medicine. When Leffall and a classmate had not heard back from either school, Florida A&M's president, William Gray, spoke to the president at Howard and secured admission for the two students.[1]
Leffall earned a medical degree in 1952, attending Howard at a time when Charles Drew was a faculty member there.[1] In the 1950s, he spent several years in specialty training, having been mentored by Jack E. White, the first black physician to pursue training in surgical oncology at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.[2] After completing training at Memorial Sloan Kettering, Leffall spent a year in Germany with the Army.[3]
Career[edit]
In 1962, Leffall joined the Howard faculty. By 1970, he was a full professor and chairman of Howard's surgery department. He earned his named professorship in 1992, the first such endowed chair in Howard's surgery department. Leffall performed surgery until the mid-2000s. Though he stopped actively practicing medicine in 2013, he maintained his teaching and administrative involvement at the medical school.[2] In May 2015, Howard held a special grand rounds session to honor Leffall's service to the school.[4]
Leffall was the first black president of both the American Cancer Society (1978) and the American College of Surgeons (1995).[2] He served as chairman of the board of directors for the Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation from 2002 to 2007 and for a few months in 2011 and 2012, when he resigned because of increasing responsibilities as provost at Howard.[5] He is on the board of directors of Mutual of America.[6]
He has received honorary degrees from Georgetown University, Amherst College and several other colleges.[7] He received a Candace Award for Science from the National Coalition of 100 Black Women in 1983.[8]
Personal[edit]
Leffall met his wife, the former Ruth McWilliams, when he was a senior at Howard.[3] Leffall and his wife have one son, LaSalle Leffall III, a Harvard-educated businessman. Leffall was close friends with jazz musician Cannonball Adderley.[7]
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Matthew Lewis (born March 8, 1930)[1] is an American photojournalist who won a Pulitzer Prize for his 1975 work with The Washington Post.[2]
Biography & Career[edit]
Lewis was born in McDonald, Pennsylvania[3][4] and later moved to Washington, DC in 1947. He attended college at Howard University in 1947 for a year and then continued at the University of Pittsburgh the next year before he dropped out. From 1949-1952, Lewis served as a hospital corpsman for the United States Navy.[3] Lewis received his first job at Morgan State University where he worked in the audio visual department. Lewis freelanced for the Baltimore Afro-American before getting a job with the Washington Post in 1965 as a staff photographer. He was eventually promoted to assistant managing editor of photography.[5][6] where he covered Civil Rights marches, Super Bowls, and John F. Kennedy's funeral. He was the first African-American photographer to work for the Washington Post.[7] Lewis retired in 1990[5] and moved with his wife Jeannine to Thomasville, North Carolina. He began working at the Thomasville Times in 1990[5] to keep himself busy.
Awards[edit]
In 1975, Lewis was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography "for his photographs in color and black and white." These photos portrayed various aspects of "the Washington lifestyle."[8] Lewis won first place in the White House News Photographers Association competitions in 1968 and 1971[9] In 2010, the International Civil Rights Center & Museum honored Lewis during a special tribute and public reception.[10]
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Richard Donald Lewis (born 1930) is an English[citation needed] communication consultant, writer, polyglot and social theorist. He is chiefly known for his "Lewis Model of Cross-Cultural Communication."[citation needed]
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Early life[edit]
Richard Donald Lewis was born in Billinge, Lancashire on 13 July 1930. He is descended from a long line of coal miners, originally from Mold, North Wales.[1][citation needed]
After completing his schooling in Lancashire, Lewis went on to study Modern Languages at the University of Nottingham and also gained a diploma in Cultures and Civilisations from the Sorbonne in Paris. After attending the 1952 Olympic Games in Helsinki, Lewis spent the next two years living and working in Finland, where he learnt to speak Finnish and also came to know and love the Finnish people and culture.[1][citation needed]
Career[edit]
He founded the Berlitz School of Languages in Finland in 1955, and later opened a further 5 schools in Finland. In addition, he opened Berlitz schools in Norway in 1958 and in Portugal in 1959.[1][citation needed]
In 1966, Lewis founded the Berlitz School in Tokyo and spent the next 5 years living and working in Japan, where he became tutor to Empress Michiko.[1]
He claims to speak 11 languages: English, French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, German, Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Finnish and Japanese.[citation needed]
He is currently Chairman of Richard Lewis Communications Ltd.
The Lewis Model[edit]
The Lewis Model of Cross-Cultural Communication was developed by Richard D. Lewis. The core of the model classifies cultural norms into Linear-Active, Multi-Active and Re-Active, or some combination. Broadly speaking, Northern Europe, North America and related countries are predominantly Linear-Active, following tasks sequentially using Platonic, Cartesian logic. Southern European, Latin, African and Middle-Eastern countries are typified as Multi-Active, centred on relationships and often pursuing multiple goals simultaneously. East Asia is typically Re-Active, following harmonising, solidarity-based strategies.[2][3][4][5][6][citation needed]
While Lewis' writings recognise these can only be stereotypes, he asserts that his model provides a practical framework for understanding and communicating with people of other cultures, and that the model can readily be expanded with other features, such as Hofstede's cultural dimensions, seen in relation to Lewis' triangular representation.[7][citation needed]
Honours[edit]
Lewis was knighted by President Ahtisaari of Finland in March 1997 in recognition of his services in the cross-cultural field relating to the training of Finnish Ministries for EU entry (1995) and the EU Presidency (1999).[citation needed]
He was subsequently promoted to the rank of Knight Commander by President Halonen in 2009.[citation needed] He has always promoted the greatness of the Finnish culture in his publications, which efforts have been highly appreciated by the Finnish government and various public and private organisations.[8]
Media[edit]
In 2015 Lewis won the prestigious SIETAR Founders Award. This award, with its citation "Making a World of Difference", is granted to an individual who has demonstrated outstanding commitment and service to the intercultural field.[9]
Fish Can't See Water by Richard D. Lewis and Kai Hammerich won the Management Book of the Year award in Denmark in 2013.[10] The book has been cited since then in many highly acknowledged business magazines, newspapers and blogs for its practical approach and tips on how national cultures impact corporate strategies and their execution.[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]
Lewis publishes regularly articles in the world-wide read business magazine, the Business Insider. His articles focus mainly on tips and background information for doing successful business with different cultures of the world.[21][22][23][23][24][24][25][26][27][28][29]
In 2016 Richard Lewis Communications plc was "named and shamed" for failing to pay several employees the National Minimum Wage.[30]
However, this relates to a situation dating to 2013, when a change in the system of deductions for accommodation and meals meant that the company inadvertently and temporarily paid less than the National Minimum Wage to some members of its domestic staff. As soon as this was clarified, arrears were paid in full to the staff concerned, and the system was changed to comply with National Minimum Wage legislation. This action was acknowledged in a case closure letter from HMRC in which the Compliance Officer said he was 'satisfied' that all arrears had been paid and that the correct rate was now being paid.[31]
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| Li Yining 厉以宁 | |
|---|---|
| Born | 22 November 1930 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China |
| Residence | Beijing |
| Alma mater | Peking University |
| Spouse(s) | He Yuchun (何玉春) (m. 1958)[1] |
| Awards | Fukuoka Asian Culture Prize(2004) Sun Yefang Economics Prize |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Economics |
| Institutions | Guanghua School of Management, Peking University |
| Notable students | Li Keqiang, Li Yuanchao, Lu Hao, Meng Xiaosu, Gong Fangxiong |
Li Yining (Chinese: 厉以宁; pinyin: Lì Yĭníng; born 22 November 1930) is a Chinese economist. He has been a leading voice for the privatization of state-owned companies, and his advocacy led to the establishment of China's stock markets in 1990. Nicknamed "Mr. Stock Market", he is credited with providing the theoretical basis for the market-oriented reform that has propelled China's economic growth.[2]
Li is a long-time professor at Peking University and former dean of the Guanghua School of Management. Among his former students are Chinese Premier Li Keqiang and Vice President Li Yuanchao.[3] In 2004 Li Yining was awarded the Fukuoka Asian Culture Prize of Japan.[2]
Early life[edit]
Li Yining was born 22 November 1930 in Nanjing, Jiangsu province, but is considered a native of his ancestral home Yizheng by Chinese convention.[1][4] He was raised in Shanghaiand Hunan province.[5] In 1951 he entered the Economics Department of Peking University, where he studied under prominent economists such as Chen Daisun (陈岱孙) and Luo Zhiru (罗志如), and was hired as a faculty member after graduating in 1955.[1] However, only two years later he was labeled as a "rightist" when Mao Zedong launched the Anti-Rightist Movement,[2] and during the Cultural Revolution (1966–76) he was again persecuted for his ideas and banished to a rural village where he performed manual labour for six years.[5]
Reform era[edit]
After his political rehabilitation in 1978, Li Yining became a bold proponent of Deng Xiaoping's fledgling policy of economic reform. He insisted that the key first step of reform should be to privatize state-owned companies by introducing a shareholding system.[2] However, the prevailing opinion among the reformers at the time was to first loosen price control. Li Yining unsuccessfully argued that ownership reform would initiate accountability for profits or losses and create a driving force for development, whereas price reform would only create a competitive environment for companies. For this theory he became known as "Mr. Stock Market Li".[2][5] Li's vocal advocacy for the reform of state ownership, the bedrock of China's socialism, met strong resistance from conservatives and exposed himself to significant political risk. In 1983 and 1984, his ideas were attacked as spiritual pollution and he could not have his articles published; in early 1987 he was again criticized in a campaign against "bourgeois liberalization".[5]
Li Yining's theory was vindicated in 1988, when premature price liberalization resulted in severe inflation and social instability that endangered the entire reform process.[2] In the early 1990s, the shareholding system that Li had been advocating was implemented by the central government of China. Shanghai Stock Exchange and Shenzhen Stock Exchangewere established in 1990, and many state-owned companies have since become publicly traded.[1] Li's economic theory is believed to be an important contribution to China's stunning economic growth that ensued. In 2004 Li was awarded the Academic Prize of the Fukuoka Asian Culture Prize by the Japanese city of Fukuoka,[2] and in 2009 he was awarded a prize for innovation in economic theory by the Chinese government.[1]
Academics[edit]
Li Yining has spent his entire academic career at his alma mater Peking University. He formerly served as the dean of the Guanghua School of Management, the university's business school, and is now professor and dean emeritus of the school.[6] In the late 1980s and early 1990s, he was the doctoral advisor of Li Keqiang and the advisor for the master thesis of Li Yuanchao. The three co-authored the book Strategic Choices for Prosperity (走向繁荣的战略选择). In 2013 Li Keqiang became the Premier of China and Li Yuanchao became the Vice President.[3] His other students include Lu Hao, Governor of Heilongjiang province and a former Vice Mayor of Beijing, Meng Xiaosu, CEO of China Real Estate Development Group, and Gong Fangxiong, CEO of JPMorgan Chase Bank China Region.[3]
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Liviu Librescu (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈlivju liˈbresku]; Hebrew: ליביו ליברסקו; August 18, 1930 – April 16, 2007) was a Romanian–American scientist and engineer. A prominent academic in addition to being a survivor of the Holocaust, his major research fields were aeroelasticity and aerodynamics.
Librescu is most widely known for his actions during the Virginia Tech shooting, when he held the doors to his lecture hall closed, allowing all but one of his students enough time to escape through the windows.[3] Shot and killed during the attack, Librescu was posthumously awarded the Order of the Star of Romania, the country's highest civilian honor. Coincidentally, Librescu's act of heroism happened on the 27th of Nisan on the Jewish lunar calendar. That date is Yom HaShoah which is Holocaust Remembrance Day in Israel.
At the time of his death, he was Professor of Engineering Science and Mechanics at Virginia Tech.[4]
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Life and career[edit]
Liviu Librescu was born in 1930 to a Jewish family in the city of Ploiești, Romania. After Romania allied with Nazi Germany in World War II, his family was deported to a labor camp in Transnistria, and later, along with thousands of other Jews, was deported to a ghettoin the Romanian city of Focșani.[5] His wife, Marlena, who is also a Holocaust survivor, told Israeli Channel 10 TV the day after his death, "We were in Romania during the Second World War, and we were Jews there among the Germans, and among the anti-SemiticRomanians."[5] Dorothea Weisbuch, a cousin of Librescu living in Romania, said in an interview to Romanian newspaper Cotidianul: "He was an extraordinarily gifted person and very altruistic. When he was little, he was very curious and knew everything, so that I thought he would become very conceited, but it did not happen so; he was of a rare modesty."[6]
After surviving the Holocaust, Librescu was repatriated to Communist Romania.[5] He studied aerospace engineering at the Polytechnic University of Bucharest, graduating in 1952 and continuing with a Master's degree at the same university. He was awarded a Ph.D. in fluid mechanics in 1969 at the Academia de Științe din România.[7] From 1953 to 1975, he worked as a researcher at the Bucharest Institute of Applied Mechanics, and later at the Institute of Fluid Mechanics and the Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Aerospace Constructions of the Academy of Science of Romania.
His career stalled in the 1970s because he refused to swear allegiance to the Romanian Communist Party and was forced out of academia for his sympathies towards Israel.[5] When Librescu requested permission to emigrate to Israel, the Academy of Science of Romania fired him.[5][8] In 1976, a smuggled research manuscript that he had published in the Netherlands drew him international attention in the growing field of material dynamics.[9]
After years of government refusal, Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin personally intervened to get the Librescu family an emigration permit by directly asking Romanian President Nicolae Ceaușescu to let them go.[5][10] They moved to Israel in 1978.
From 1979 to 1986, Librescu was Professor of Aeronautical and Mechanical Engineering at Tel Aviv University and taught at the Technion in Haifa.[10] In 1985, he left on sabbaticalfor the United States, where he served as Professor at Virginia Tech in its Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, where he remained until his death.[10][11] He served as a member on the editorial board of seven scientific journals and was invited as a guest editor of special issues of five other journals.[12] Most recently, he was co-chair of the International Organizing Committee of the 7th International Congress on Thermal Stress, Taipei, Taiwan, June 4–7, 2007, for which he had been scheduled to give the keynote lecture.[4][12] According to his wife, no Virginia Tech professor has ever published more articles than Librescu.[10]
| Part of a series of articles on the |
| Virginia Tech shooting |
|---|
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| Related articles |
Fields of research[edit]
Librescu's major fields of study included:[12]
- Foundation and applications of the modern theory of shells incorporating non-classical effects and composed of advanced composite materials
- Foundation of the theory and applications of sandwich type structures
- Aeroelastic stability of flight vehicle structures
- Nonlinear aeroelasticity of structures in supersonic and hypersonic flow fields
- Aeroelastic and structural tailoring
- Dynamic response and instability of elastic and viscoelastic laminated composite structures subjected to deterministic and random loading systems
- Mechanical and thermal postbuckling of flat and curved shear-deformable elastic panels
- Static, dynamic and aeroelastic feedback control of adaptive structures
- Unsteady aerodynamics and magnetoaerodynamics of supersonic flows with applications
- Optimization problems of aeroelastic structural systems
- Theory of composite thin-walled beams and its application in aeronautical and mechanical constructions
- Nonlinear structural deformation of compressible composite materials under shear stress
- Response and behavior of structures to underwater and in-air explosions
- Multifunctional and functionally graded material structures.
Death and legacy[edit]
At age 76,[10] Librescu was among the 32 people who were murdered in the Virginia Tech shooting. On April 16, 2007, Seung-Hui Choentered the Norris Hall Engineering Building and opened fire on classrooms. Librescu, who taught a solid mechanics class in Room 204 in the Norris Hall during April 2007, held the door of his classroom shut while the gunman attempted to enter it. Although he was shot through the door, Librescu managed to prevent the gunman from entering the classroom until most of his students had escaped through the windows.[13][14][15] He was struck by five bullets,[16] with a shot to the head proving to be fatal.[17] Of the 23 registered students in his class, only one, Minal Panchal, died.[18]
A number of Librescu's students have called him a hero because of his actions. Caroline Merrey, a senior, said she and about 20 other students scrambled through the windows as Librescu shouted for them to hurry.[16] Merrey said, "I don’t think I would be here if it wasn't for [Librescu]."[19] Librescu's son Joe said he had received e-mails from several students who said he had saved their lives and regarded him as a hero.[10]
Following the murder of Librescu, at the request of his family and with the assistance of Gov. Tim Kaine, his body was released on April 17[20]and he received a funeral service at an Orthodox Jewish funeral home in Borough Park, Brooklyn, New York.[16] On April 20, he was interred in Israel.[21][22][23] In his native Romania, his picture was placed on a table at the Polytechnic University of Bucharest, and a candle was lit. People laid flowers nearby.[5]
The massacre took place on Holocaust Remembrance Day (Yom HaShoah). On April 18, 2007, President of the United States George W. Bush honored Librescu at a memorial service held at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, attended by a crowd that included many Holocaust survivors:[24]
Honors and awards[edit]
Librescu received many academic honors during his work in the Engineering Science and Mechanics Department at Virginia Tech, serving as chair or invited as a keynote speaker of several International Congresses on Thermal Stresses and receiving several honorary degrees. He was elected member of the Academy of Sciences of the Shipbuilding of Ukraine(2000) and Foreign Fellow of the Academy of Engineering of Armenia (1999). He was a recipient of Doctor Honoris Causa of the Polytechnic Institute of Bucharest (2000), of the 1999 Dean's Award for Excellence in Research, College of Engineering at Virginia Tech, and a laureate of the Traian Vuia Prize of the Romanian Academy (1972). He was a member of the Board of Experts of the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Scientific Research. He was awarded the Frank J. Maher Award for Excellence in Engineering Education (2005)[25] and an ASME diploma (2005) expressing "deep appreciation for the valuable services in advancing the engineering profession".[12]
Posthumously, Professor Librescu was commended by Traian Băsescu, the President of Romania, with the Order of the Star of Romania with the rank of Grand Cross, "as a sign of high appreciation and gratitude for the entire scientific and academic activity, as well as for the heroism shown in the course of the tragic events which took place on April 16th, 2007, [...] through which he saved the lives of his students, sacrificing his own life."[26] The Chabad Hasidic Movement named its Jewish Student Center at Virginia Tech after him.[27]
The classroom of the Sara and Sam Schoffer Holocaust Resource Center at Stockton University in Galloway, New Jersey was dedicated to the memory of Liviu Librescu in April 2009 through a donation from The Azeez Family and Foundation of Egg Harbor Township. Jane B. Stark, who is Executive Director of the Sam Azeez Museum of Woodbine Heritage in Woodbine, New Jersey, said "This man, who endured so much during the Holocaust, thought of his students’ safety before his own in a time of crisis. ... He deserves to be remembered for these heroic actions."[28]
The street in front of the U.S. Embassy in Bucharest was named in his honor.[29]
Professor Librescu was also awarded the 2007 Facilitator Award by Stetson University College of Law's Center for Excellence in Higher Education Law and Policy.
A gift to Columbia Law School from alumnus Ira Greenstein '85 honored Professor Librescu's heroism during the Virginia Tech shooting and established a professorship in his name—the "Liviu Librescu Professor of Law." This professorship is awarded at the discretion of the Dean, who seeks to appoint to the Librescu Professorship a member of the faculty with an expertise in national security or social justice. Matthew Waxman currently holds the Librescu Professorship.[30] He is an expert in national security law and international law, including issues such as executive power, international human rights and constitutional rights, military force and armed conflict, terrorism, cybersecurity, and maritime disputes.
