General Historical Events
March 21
*President Hoover appointed Judge John J. Parker of North Carolina, a known racist, to the Supreme Court. The NAACP launched a successful campaign against Parker's confirmation.
John Johnston Parker ( b. November 20, 1885, Monroe, North Carolina – d. March 17, 1958, Washington, D. C.) was a United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. He was an unsuccessful nominee for Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court in 1930. He was also the United State's alternate judge at the Nuremberg trials of accused Nazi war criminals and later served on the United Nations' International Law Commission.
Born on November 20, 1885, in Monroe, North Carolina, Parker received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1907 from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and received a Bachelor of Laws in 1908 from the University of North Carolina School of Law. He entered private practice in Greensboro, North Carolina from 1908 to 1909. He was in private practice in Monroe from 1909 to 1922. He was a Republican candidate for the United States House of Representatives from North Carolina in 1910. He was a candidate for Attorney General of North Carolina in 1916. Parker was the Republican candidate for Governor of North Carolina in 1920. He was in private practice in Charlotte, North Carolina from 1922 to 1925. He was a special assistant to the Attorney General of the United States from 1923 to 1924.
Parker received a recess appointment from President Calvin Coolidge on October 3, 1925, to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit vacated by Judge Charles Albert Woods. He was nominated to the same position by President Coolidge on December 8, 1925. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 14, 1925, and received his commission the same day. He was a member of the Conference of Senior Circuit Judges (now the Judicial Conference of the United States) from 1931 to 1948, and was a member of the Judicial Conference of the United States from 1948 to 1957. Parker served as Chief Judge from 1948 to 1958. His service terminated on March 17, 1958, due to his death in Washington, D. C. At the time of his death, Parker was the last appeals court judge appointed by President Coolidge still in active service.
On March 21, 1930, Parker was nominated by President Herbert Hoover to the United States Supreme Court to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Justice Edward Terry Sanford, but, as a result of political opposition, was defeated in the Senate by a vote of 41-39.
Parker was opposed by labor groups because of an opinion he had written regarding the United Mine Workers and yellow-dog contracts -- contracts which prohibited workers from joining a union as a condition of employment. Parker was also opposed by the nascent National Association for the Advancement of Colored People -- the NAACP -- because of remarks he had made while a candidate for North Carolina governor in 1920 about the participation of African Americans in the political process: "The participation of the Negro in politics," said Parker, "is a source of evil and danger to both races and is not desired by the wise men in either race or by the Republican Party of North Carolina." The NAACP asked Parker if he had been quoted correctly, and asked him if he still held such views. Parker never responded. Parker's supporters pointed out that his opinion in the labor case closely followed Supreme Court precedent and his 1920 remarks were in response to charges that the Republican Party was organizing the African American vote.
Rather than lobbying senators, the usual practice of the NAACP, Walter White, the new Executive Secretary of the NAACP, urged the branches and members to telegraph their senators and threaten to oppose them in the elections that were to take place later that year. When the Senate narrowly defeated Parker's nomination 41-39, White said the NAACP's opposition had been the deciding factor and lavished praise on the branches that had threatened their senators with their opposition to any who supported Parker.
Rather than lobbying senators, the usual practice of the NAACP, Walter White, the new Executive Secretary of the NAACP, urged the branches and members to telegraph their senators and threaten to oppose them in the elections that were to take place later that year. When the Senate narrowly defeated Parker's nomination 41-39, White said the NAACP's opposition had been the deciding factor and lavished praise on the branches that had threatened their senators with their opposition to any who supported Parker.
The rejection of Parker's nomination by the United States Senate was a major victory for the NAACP and was the first such Supreme Court nomination rejected through a roll call vote since that of Wheeler Hazard Peckham in 1894. After the Senate rejected Parker's nomination, President Hoover nominated Owen Roberts to the seat, and the Senate voted to confirm Roberts on May 20, 1930.
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Majken Johansson (August 7, 1930, Malmö – December 11, 1993) was a Swedish poet, writer and a Salvation Army soldier.
Majken Johansson was born out of wedlock in Malmö, and spent her childhood in foster care with an abusive foster mother. At the age of 9, she was evacuated from Malmö at the outbreak of World War II and lived with relatives in Småland. Despite her difficult childhood she went through school with good grades and managed to get in at the prestigious Lund University, where she graduated. During her tenage and university years she also suffered from alcoholism. In 1956, after a stormy relationship with another woman, which ended with the woman committing suicide, Majken Johansson suffered a life crisis which would lead to her decision to join the Swedish section of the Salvation Army in 1958.
She began to write in the early 1950s, both socially debating articles in newspapers, and poetry. Her first volume of poetry was the critically acclaimed Buskteater in 1952. She published 8 volumes of poetry between 1952 and 1989. Her poems are not only concerned with life, love and God, but also on everyday reflections in a very simple and keen way, often with a lot of humor.
Her life partner was the Salvation Army officer and hymn writer Karin Hartman, who in 2002 published Bottenglädjen, a book about Majken Johansson's life.
In recent years Johansson's poetry has been published in new editions and gained a generation of new readers. She is today regarded as one of Sweden's greatest poets of the mid-20th century, alongside names such as Hjalmar Gullberg and Werner Aspenström. In 1970 she was awarded the Large Prize by Samfundet De Nio.[1] She was also awarded a literary prize by the magazine Vi in 1958, the Sveriges Radios poetry award in 1965, the Deverthska kulturstiftelsens Forsethpris in 1972, and the Sydsvenska Dagbladets kulturpris in 1975.
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January 6
*William Howard Taft, the only person to have served as President of the United States (the 27th) and as Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court (the 10th), died in Washington, D. C.
John Keen was a Kenyan politician. He served as an assistant minister for agriculture and member of parliament (MP) for Kajiado North Constituency from 1969 to 1979. In 1991 together with Mwai Kibaki, he founded the Democratic Party, for which he served as secretary general.[1] He carved a reputation as a defender of the Maasai community's land rights.
Contents
[hide]Early life[edit]
Keen was born to a German-British man and a Samburu woman in Kajiado in 1930. He joined Government African School in Narok in 1937. After completing his studies there, he went to The Alliance High School in Kikuyu.[2] After graduation from Alliance, he joined the British Army regiment in Kenya for a short while.
In 1962 together with, among others, Jomo Kenyatta and Ronald Ngala, he was part of the Kenyan delegation to the second Lancaster House Conference that negotiated for Kenya's independence from British colonial rule. At the conference, Keen pushed for the compensation of Maasai land forcefully taken by British colonialists.[3]
Post-Independence[edit]
After independence, Keen was one of the first Kenyans chosen to represent the country in the East African Legislative Assembly in Arusha. In this capacity, he fought for the union of the three countries to form on East African Community. In 1967, Keen became the first person to be detained in independent Kenya. He was put behind bars by the Kenyatta administration after he accused him, Tanzania's Julius Nyerere and Uganda's Milton Obote as being the main obstacle towards the formation of the East African Community.
Multi-Party Democracy[edit]
He was on the forefront of agitating for multiparty democracy together with Oginga Odinga, Raila Odinga, Kenneth Matiba, Paul Muite and James Orengo among others. When section 2A of the Kenyan constitution was repealed allowing the country to be a multi-party state once again, Keen quit KANU and formed the Democratic Party of Kenya together with Mwai Kibaki. He became the party's secretary general while Kibaki became its chairman.
Personal life[edit]
Keen was married to four wives and had over ten children. Having been a keen wildlife conservationist all his life, in 2005 he donated 300 acres of his personal land to the Kenya Wildlife Service. KWS named the area after his daughter Silole.[5]
In 2015, Keen was the beneficiary of a multi-million shilling deal when the National Lands Commission bought 89 acres of his personal land to give to the Nairobi National Park as compensation for land it had lost in the construction of the southern bypass.[6]
In 2016, high court judge Mumbi Ngugi dismissed a case in which Ruby Karimi had sued Keen and the Registrar of Births and Deaths to change her name and recognize the former as her father. Karimi relied on an affidavit in which her mother said that Keen had forced himself on her at a hotel in Namanga in 1980. Justice Ngugi threw the case out citing the fact that Karimi's mother had neither reported the alleged rape to the police neither had she talked about it to her father or brother who she lived with.[7]
Death[edit]
Keen died on Christmas Day 2016 at the Aga Khan Hospital. He was buried in his home in Namanga [8]
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Mable John (born November 3, 1930)[1] is an American blues vocalist and was the first female signed by Berry Gordy to Motown's Tamla label.
Biography[edit]
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John was born in Bastrop, Louisiana.[1][2] At a very young age, she and her parents moved north across the state-line into Arkansas where her father got a job in a paper mill near the community of Cullendale. There, four brothers (including R&B singer Little Willie John) and two sisters were born.
In 1941, after her father was able to secure a better job, the family moved to Detroit, where two additional brothers were born. The family lived in a new housing development at Six Mile and Dequindre Road. She attended Cleveland Intermediate School, and then Pershing High School, which is at Seven Mile and Ryan Road. After graduating from Pershing High School, she took a job as an insurance representative at Friendship Mutual Insurance Agency, a company run by Berry Gordy's mother, Bertha.[citation needed]
Later, she left the company and spent two years at Lewis Business College. She subsequently ran into Mrs. Gordy again, who told Mable that her son Berry was writing songs and was looking for people to record them. Gordy began coaching her and would accompany John on piano at local engagements. This continued until 1959, when John performed at the Flame Show bar on John R Street at the last show that Billie Holiday did in Detroit, just weeks before Holiday's death.[2]
The same year, John began recording for Gordy. First she was signed to United Artists, but nothing was released there. Eventually, she became one of the first artists signed to Tamla, Gordy's own label.[2]
In 1960, she released her first Tamla single, "Who Wouldn't Love a Man Like That?," a romantic blues number, to no success. John followed with "No Love" in June of that year and then with "Actions Speak Louder Than Words" by year's end. While Motown was beginning to have success with acts like the Miracles and the Marvelettes (and later Martha & the Vandellas and the Supremes, both of whom had sung background vocals for John) that appealed to teenagers and young adults, it was making no impact in the established blues market. As a result, Gordy soon thinned out his roster of early blues artists. While John continued to be used as a background singer, Gordy dissolved her contract in 1962.[1]
After leaving Motown, John spent several years as a Raelette, backing many Ray Charles hits. In 1966 she attempted a solo career again, signing with Stax Records. Her first single with the label was "Your Good Thing Is About To End." The song peaked at #6 on the R&B chart, and even managed to cross over onto pop radio, peaking at #95 there. She released six more singles for the label, none of which captured her first single's success. After leaving Stax Records in 1968, John rejoined the Raelettes for several years. She left secular music in 1973, and began managing Christian gospel acts, occasionally returning to the studio as a singer.[citation needed]
In 1986, John founded a charity that feeds the homeless in Los Angeles, Joy Community Outreach.[3] She released a single on the London-based Motown revival label Motorcity Records entitled "Time Stops" in 1991. In 1993, John earned a Doctor of Divinity degree from the south Los Angeles ministry Crenshaw Christian Center.[3]
John received a Pioneer Award from the Rhythm and Blues Foundation in 1994.[citation needed] She appeared in John Sayles' 2007 movie Honeydripper and the 2014 Oscar-winning documentary 20 Feet from Stardom.[citation needed]
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Jasper Johns (born May 15, 1930) is an American painter, sculptor and printmaker whose work is associated with abstract expressionism, Neo-Dada, and pop art. He well known for his depictions of the American flag and other US-related topics. Johns' works regularly receive millions of dollars at sale and auction, including a reported $110 million sale in 2010. At multiple times works by Johns have held the title of most paid for a work by a living artist.
Johns has received many honors throughout his career, including receipt of the National Medal of Arts in 1990, and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2011. In 2018, The New York Times called him the United States' "foremost living artist."[1]
Born in Augusta, Georgia, Jasper Johns spent his early life in Allendale, South Carolina, with his paternal grandparents after his parents' marriage failed. He then spent a year living with his mother in Columbia, South Carolina, and thereafter he spent several years living with his aunt Gladys in Lake Murray, South Carolina, twenty-two miles from Columbia. He completed Edmunds High School (now Sumter High School) class of 1947 in Sumter, South Carolina, where he once again lived with his mother.[2] Recounting this period in his life, he once said, "In the place where I was a child, there were no artists and there was no art, so I really didn't know what that meant. I think I thought it meant that I would be in a situation different than the one that I was in."
Johns studied a total of three semesters at the University of South Carolina, from 1947 to 1948.[3] He then moved to New York City and studied briefly at the Parsons School of Design in 1949.[3] In 1952 and 1953 he was stationed in Sendai, Japan, during the Korean War.[3]
In 1954, after returning to New York, Johns met Robert Rauschenberg and they became long-term lovers. For a time they lived in the same building as Rachel Rosenthal.[4][5][6] In the same period he was strongly influenced by the gaycouple Merce Cunningham (a choreographer) and John Cage (a composer).[7][8] Working together they explored the contemporary art scene, and began developing their ideas on art.[3]
In 1958, gallery owner Leo Castelli discovered Johns while visiting Rauschenberg's studio.[3] Castelli gave him his first solo show. It was here that Alfred Barr, the founding director of New York's Museum of Modern Art, purchased four works from this show.[9] In 1963, Johns and Cage founded Foundation for Contemporary Performance Arts, now known as Foundation for Contemporary Arts in New York City.
Johns currently lives in Sharon, Connecticut, and on the island of Saint Martin.[10] Until 2012, he lived in a rustic 1930s farmhouse with a glass-walled studio in Stony Point, New York. He first began visiting Saint Martin in the late 1960s and bought the property there in 1972. The architect Philip Johnson is the principal designer of his Saint Martin home, a long, white, rectangular structure divided into three distinct sections.[11]
Johns is best known for his painting Flag (1954–55), which he painted after having a dream of the American flag. His work is often described as Neo-Dadaist, as opposed to pop art, even though his subject matter often includes images and objects from popular culture.[citation needed] Still, many compilations on pop art include Jasper Johns as a pop artist because of his artistic use of classical iconography.
Early works were composed using simple schema such as flags, maps, targets, letters and numbers. Johns' treatment of the surface is often lush and painterly; he is famous for incorporating such media as encaustic and plaster relief in his paintings. Johns played with and presented opposites, contradictions, paradoxes, and ironies, much like Marcel Duchamp (who was associated with the Dada movement). Johns also produces intaglio prints, sculptures and lithographs with similar motifs.
Johns' breakthrough move, which was to inform much later work by others, was to appropriate popular iconography for painting, thus allowing a set of familiar associations to answer the need for subject. Though the abstract expressionists disdained subject matter, it could be argued that in the end, they had simply changed subjects. Johns neutralized the subject, so that something like a pure painted surface could declare itself. For twenty years after Johns painted Flag, the surface could suffice – for example, in Andy Warhol's silkscreens, or in Robert Irwin's illuminated ambient works.
The paintings of Abstract expressionist figures like Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning are indexical in that they stand effectively as a signature on canvas. In contrast, Neo-Dadaists like Johns and Rauschenberg seemed preoccupied with a lessening of the reliance of their art on indexical qualities, seeking instead to create meaning solely through the use of conventional symbols. Some have interpreted this as a rejection of the hallowed individualism of the abstract expressionists. Their works also imply symbols existing outside of any referential context. Johns' Flag, for instance, is primarily a visual object, divorced from its symbolic connotations and reduced to something in-itself.
In 1998, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York bought Johns' White Flag. While the Museum would not disclose how much was paid, The New York Timesreported that "experts estimate [the painting's] value at more than $20 million".[26] The National Gallery of Art acquired about 1,700 of Johns' proofs in 2007. This made the gallery home to the largest number of Johns' works held by a single institution. The exhibition showed works from many points in Johns' career, including recent proofs of his prints.[27] The Greenville County Museum of Art in Greenville, South Carolina, has several of his pieces in their permanent collection.
Johns was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1984.[28] In 1990, he was awarded the National Medal of Arts.[29] On February 15, 2011 he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Barack Obama, becoming the first painter or sculptor to receive a Presidential Medal of Freedom since Alexander Calder in 1977. In 1990 he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member and became a full Academician in 1994.
His text Statement (1959) has been published in Theories and Documents of Contemporary Art: A Sourcebook of Artists' Writings.[30]
Since the 1980s, Johns typically produces only four to five paintings a year; some years he produces none. His large-scale paintings are much favored by collectors and because of their rarity are extremely difficult to acquire. His works from the mid to late 1950s, typically viewed as his period of rebellion against abstract expressionism, remain his most sought after. Skate’s Art Market Research (Skate Press, Ltd.), a New York-based advisory firm servicing private and institutional investors in the art market, has ranked Jasper Johns as the 30th most valuable artist in the world.[31] The firm’s index of the 1,000 most valuable works of art sold at auction—Skate’s Top 1000—contains 7 works by Johns.
In 1980 the Whitney Museum of American Art paid $1 million for Three Flags (1958), then the highest price ever paid for the work of a living artist.[11] In 1988, Johns' False Start was sold at auction at Sotheby's to Samuel I. Newhouse, Jr. for $17.05 million, setting a record at the time as the highest price paid for a work by a living artist at auction, and the second highest price paid for an artwork at auction in the U.S.[32] In 2006, private collectors Anne and Kenneth Griffin (founder of the Chicago-based hedge fund Citadel LLC) bought False Start (1959) from David Geffen[33] for $80 million, making it the most expensive painting by a living artist.[11] On November 11, 2014, a 1983 version of Flag was auctioned at Sotheby's in New York for $36 million, establishing a new auction record for Johns.[34]
The most expensive work sold of Jasper Johns was Flag (1958), one of a series, was sold privately to hedge fund billionaire Steven A. Cohen in 2010 for a reported $110 million (then £73 million; €81.7 million). The seller was Jean-Christophe Castelli, son of Leo Castelli, Mr. Johns’s legendary dealer, who had died in 1999. While the price was not disclosed by the parties, art experts say Mr. Cohen paid about $110 million. "Flags" are Jasper Johns most famous works. The artist painted his first American flag in 1954–55, a work now at the MoMA.[35]
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Sy Johnson (born April 15, 1930 in New Haven, Connecticut) is a jazz arranger and pianist who worked with Charles Mingus in the 1970s.[1][2] He also worked with the Lee Konitz Nonet[3][4] among others. His work with Mingus is his best-known.
Sy Johnson first performed with Charles Mingus at the Showplace, a jazz club on West 4th St., in the band that included Booker Ervin on tenor, Ted Curson on trumpet, Dannie Richmond on drums, and Mingus on bass, and on his first night with Mingus, Eric Dolphy performed on alto, bass clarinet and flute. The gig lasted two weeks and ended when Johnson came into work and found himself replaced by Yusef Lateef, the multi-instrumentalist. Mingus explained: "If you were me, and had the chance to hire Yusef Lateef or you, who would you hire?"[this quote needs a citation]
In 1971, eleven year later, Mingus climbed the stairs to Emile Charlap’s copying office, home to many great arrangers, and before he left, he gave Johnson Let My Children Hear Music to arrange, which featured two Mingus pieces, "Shoes of the Fisherman’s Wife (Are Some Jiveass Slippers)" and "Don’t Be Afraid, the Clowns Afraid Too". The album's emergence was heralded with a live concert, Mingus And Friends At Philharmonic Hall, also arranged by Johnson and released as an album. Johnson continued to work with Mingus until his death from Lou Gehrig’s disease in 1979. Mingus recorded two of Johnson’s compositions, "Wee" and "For Harry Carney", and nominated Johnson for a Guggenheim award following his own in Jazz composition.
Johnson continues to work with Sue Mingus arranging charts for all the Mingus repertory ensembles—the Mingus Big Band, the Mingus Orchestra and the Mingus Dynasty. His other collaborations in the music world have been with Joe Williams, Frank Sinatra, Wes Montgomery, Roy Eldridge, Ben Webster, Quincy Jones, Benny Goodman, Count Basie, Mel Torme, Terry Gibbs, and Sarah Vaughan among others. He has also worked on Broadway and in films such as The Cotton Club (1984). Sy Johnson is also a jazz photographer, writer, pianist, singer and teacher.[5]
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Graham M. Johnston (born 10 July 1930 in Bloemfontein) is a South African swimmer who competed in the 1952 Summer Olympics.[1] Johnston graduated from the University of Oklahoma and has lived in the United States of America since 1958. He met his wife-to-be, Janis in 1952. The two married in 1955 and have five children.
His father, a municipal pool manager, taught him to swim before the age of one. He also tried other athletic endeavors, lettering in five sports during his high school years. But the water was his true love and he achieved national success during high school with the following championships: South African National Junior Diving Champion 1946, 1947, 1948,South African National Junior Swimming Champion 1946, 1947, 1948,South African National Senior Swimming Champion 1948, 1949, 1950. Johnston won two gold and two silver medals in each of the 1950 and 1954 Commonwealth Games held in New Zealand and Canada. In 1952 he was selected to represent South Africa in the Olympic Games held in Helsinki. Johnston was one of the first foreign-born athletes to enjoy a full scholarship at an American college. He received a full scholarship for swimming at the University of Oklahoma where he achieved NCAA All-American status three consecutive years. Johnston retired from competitive swimming between 1956 and 1972. In 1973, at the age of 41 he returned to the sport and swam in his first Masters nationals in Santa Monica, California. In addition to Johnston's world records in short and long course, he holds six national short course records and seven national long course records. He also holds all national freestyle records in the distances ranging from 100 yards through 10K in the 65 to 70 age group. He has won the Waikiki Rough Water Swim eight years in a row (1993-2000). And he is the only person to hold all seven USMS national long distance records in any age group. In 1998 he was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame. At age 69 his 1650 yd. national record was just five seconds slower than the time that won him the gold medal at the Commonwealth Games in 1950. Johnston won gold in the 200-meter free, 400-meter free, 800-meter free, the 400-meter IM and the 5k open water swim (in 67 degree water) at the World Masters Swimming Championship in Munich, Germany.[2]
January 6
*The first diesel engine automobile trip was completed (Indianapolis, Indiana, to New York City) by Clessie Cummins, founder of the Cummins Motor Company.
*An early literary character licensing agreement was signed by A. A. Milne, granting Stephen Slesinger United States and Canadian merchandising rights to the Winnie-the-Pooh works.
January 13
*The Mickey Mouse comic strip made its first appearance.
January 15
*The Moon moves into its nearest point to Earth, called perigee, at the same time as its fullest phase of the Lunar Cycle. This was the closest moon distance at 356,397 kilometers (221,454 miles) in recorded history and the next perigee would not occur until January 1, 2257 at 356,371 kilometers (221,438 miles).
January 19
*Tippi Hedren, an American actress known for her roles in Alfred Hitchcock's The Birds and Marnie. was born in New Ulm, Minnesota.
January 21
*Tippi Hedren, an American actress known for her roles in Alfred Hitchcock's The Birds and Marnie. was born in New Ulm, Minnesota.
Nathalie Kay "Tippi" Hedren (b. January 19, 1930) was an American actress, animal rights activist and former fashion model.
A successful fashion model from her twenties, appearing on the front covers of Life and Glamour magazines among others, Hedren became an actress after she was discovered by director Alfred Hitchcock while appearing on a television commercial in 1961. She received world recognition for her work in two of his films, the suspense-thriller The Birds in 1963, for which she won a Golden Globe, and the psychological drama Marnie in 1964. Hedren appeared in over eighty films and television shows including Charlie Chaplin's final film, A Countess from Hong Kong (1967), the Alexander Payne political satire Citizen Ruth (1996), and the David O Russell existential comedy I Heart Huckabees (2004), and her contributions to world cinema have been honored with the Jules Verne Award and a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame among others.
Her strong commitment to animal rescue began in 1969 while she was shooting two films in Africa and was introduced to the plight of African lions. In an attempt to raise awareness for wildlife, she spent nearly eleven years bringing Roar (1981) to the screen. She started her own non-profit organization, the Roar Foundation, in 1983 to support The Shambala Preserve, an 80-acre (32 ha) wildlife habitat which enables her to continue her work in the care and preservation of lions and tigers. Hedren also traveled worldwide to set up relief programs following earthquakes, hurricanes, famine and war. She was instrumental in the development of Vietnamese-American nail salons in the United States.
January 21
*A London Naval Conference convened. It would end three months later with a treaty signed by Great Britain, the United States, France, Italy and Japan who agreed to limit submarine tonnage and gun-caliber and scrap certain warships. Japanese militarist factions attacked the treaty.
January 26
*The Indian National Congress declared declares this date as Independence Day or as the day for Poorna Swaraj (Complete Independence).
January 28
*The first patent for a field-effect transistor was granted in the United States to Julius Edgar Lilienfeld.
January 30
*Pavel Molchanov launched a radiosonde from Pavlovsk in the Soviet Union.
January 31
*The 3M company marketed Scotch Tape, invented by Richard Gurley Drew, in the United States.
February
February 2
*The Communist Party of Vietnam was established.
February 10
*The Viet Nam Quoc Dan Dang launched the Yen Bai mutiny in the hope of ending French colonial rule in Vietnam.
February 12
*Viola Hatch, a Native American activist known for successfully suing the Canton, Oklahoma schools regarding the right of students to obtain an education, was born near Geary, Oklahoma.
Viola Hatch (b. February 12, 1930, near Geary, Oklahoma) was a Native American activist, a founding member of the National Indian Youth Council, and a former Tribal Chair of the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes. She successfully sued the Canton, Oklahoma, schools regarding the right of students to obtain an education.
Viola Sutton was born February 12, 1930 to Arapaho Chief and Mennonite pastor Harry Arthur Sutton (b. July 10, 1907 – d. May 16, 1978) and Sallie Blackbear Sutton (b. April 17, 1912 – d. July 8, 1988) on her grandmother's allotment near Geary, Oklahoma. Around 1938, the family left Geary and returned to the Canton area where Sutton's father had an allotment which he inherited from his grandmother, Red Face.
Viola was raised on the family allotment with her siblings: Cora Mae Sutton Scabbyhorse Querdibitty (b. September 5, 1932 – d. September 16, 2010), Patricia Ann Sutton Walker (b. April 1935 – d. November 9, 1997), Nancy Ruth Sutton (1937), Lavonta Sutton Kenrick (1939), former Arapaho chief William Ray "Billy" Sutton (b. December 21, 1940 – d. January 10, 2015), Charlene Sutton Lime (b. January 11, 1943 – d. July 26, 2013), Arthur Warren Sutton (b. 1945 – d. 1945), Wilda Jean Sutton Allen Gould, (b. 1947), Georgia Mae Sutton Roberts (b. May 2, 1948 – d. November 16, 2010), former Arapaho chief Allen D. Sutton (b. 1950), Ava Dushane Sutton Benson (b. 1954), and Marcella Dawn "Marci" Sutton Armijo (b. 1967).
Sutton attended school in Canton and then the Concho Indian Boarding School. Concho was a vocational training school based on a military-style discipline model. While the students did study the same curriculum as public school students by the time Sutton attended, it was a working farm and the students were expected to care for the livestock and cultivate the gardens. The purpose of boarding school education was to teach girls "life skills," such as cooking and cleaning, and Christianity, to rid children of their pagan beliefs. Frustrated by insistence that she be trained for domestic work, Sutton abandoned further education and moved to Chicago as part of the Bureau of Indian Affairs Relocation Program. She found work at the Speigel Company which was operating as predominantly a mail-order clothing and home accessory company.
As the 1960s emerged, a growing sensitivity to minority rights was born, spurred by Supreme Court decisions such as Brown v. Board of Education, Gideon v. Wainwright, Loving v. Virginia and legislation including the Voting Rights Acto of 1957, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968. Into this turbulent time, a pan-Indian movement developed predominantly with the goals of having the United States government return native lands, right social ills, and provide funds for cultural education. The Red Power Movement and the American Indian Movement were both born out of this pan-Indian awakening, and Viola was involved from the beginning.
During this time, Viola returned from Chicago and married Donald Hatch, a union organizer. Viola opened senior and youth centers, worked with the homeless and VISTA volunteers, and urged political involvement by native peoples. She became involved in both local and national level organizations for Indian rights. Hatch also worked as a field operative for Oklahomans for Indian Opportunity (OIO), an organization developed by LaDonna Harris (Comanche) under the federal Office of Economic Opportunity programs.
The creation of the OIO was the first effort in the state of Oklahoma for the western plains tribes in the state to work with the Five Civilized Tribes. Field operatives, like Viola, began organizing tribal Head Start Programs, programs to deal with high Indian drop-out rates, native economic development programs and tribal human services.
In 1961, a conference with over 800 participants was held in Chicago, Illinois, with educators and anthropologists, and frustrated Native Americans. Held from June 13–20, the conference produced a “Declaration of Indian Purpose: the Voice of the American Indian” – a policy created for Indians by Indians. The conference participants delivered the policy to President John F. Kennedy, but went on to form the National Indian Youth Council (NIYC) in Gallup, New Mexico, later that summer, to translate words into actions. The founding members of NIYC – Herbert Blatchford, Navajo Nation; Gerald Brown, Flathead Indian Reservation of Montana; Sam English, Ojibwe; Viola Hatch, Arapaho of the Cheyenne-Arapaho Tribe of Oklahoma; Joan Nobel, Ute; Karen Rickard, Tuscarora; Melvin Thom, Walker River Paiute Tribe of the Walker River Reservation, Nevada; Clyde Warrior, Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma; Della Warrior, Otoe-Missouria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma; and Shirley Hill Witt, Mohawk - included three members from Oklahoma. Although NIYC claimed to have hundreds of members, a core group of ten to fifteen people shaped the organization. Viola continued to serve on the board from the inception through 2015.
The goals of the National Indian Youth Council from the beginning were to honor and preserve the customs and lives of Native people. Their focus included preserving traditional religious practices and sacred sites; elimination of barriers to full political participation by native citizens; promotion of public education for tribe members which honors Indian contributions to the overall culture and respects positive image reinforcement of native traditions, customs and people; employment training and placement; protection of treaty rights, including tribal sovereignty, hunting and fishing rights and environmental conservation; and promoting international coordination and support for protection of the rights of indigenous people throughout the Western Hemisphere.
When Richard Nixon was elected President of the United States in 1968, Indian activists were unsure of what his policies would be, in spite of campaign promises. They remembered the termination policies of his Republican predecessors and demanded a clear policy proving that self-determination had arrived. The president-elect requested that native leaders compile a document briefing him on policy, their desires and solutions, needs, and priorities. From January to February, 1969 a task force met and prepared the document, which would become the basis of the Special Recommendations on Indian Affairs delivered by Nixon on July 8, 1970. After completion of the report, the task force which was composed of "many of the best known Indian leaders in the country," including Hatch (one of only six women on the task force), met in Washington, D. C. in November 1969 to present their ideas. On November 10, they met with Vice President Spiro Agnew and on November 12, they presented the statement to Congress. Their recommendations were that Indians needed to be involved in their own governance, be consulted, be allowed to design and implement processes, and be able to express their grievances and propose legislative and policy solutions. They asked for their sovereignty to be respected, for state governors to be required to honor treaties and federal statutes, and they asked for Congress to establish a system of redress so that if federal programs, which were designed for the benefit of Native Americans, were not in fact benefiting them, there would be mechanisms to obtain justice.
A second task force, also created in 1968, by the American Indian Policy Review Commission was charged with review of federal Indian law and policy to make recommendations of obsolete laws for repeal, consolidations of redundant provisions, or amendments of existing provisions to provide conformity throughout the United States Code. Hatch, Frances Wise, Roberta Black and numerous other native leaders reported on the failures of the Department of Justice and the FBI to respond and/or investigate civil rights abuse claims by Indians against state and local law enforcement officers. The task force concluded its work in 1976 and made a full report to Congress.
From June through August, 1974, a task force of Indian law students, Indian lawyers, and tribal representatives, assessed how tribal legal systems could be utilized to strengthen tribal governing bodies and implement judicial decisions. There were only three participants from Oklahoma on the task force—Hatch was the sole tribal representative and two Cherokee Nation student participants, Robert Steven Lowery and David Ricketts-Kingfisher. Seventeen reservations were visited with the goal of determining how to best implement the newly passed Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act. As administration of a wide range of government services which had previously been carried out by federal agencies were to become the responsibility of the tribes, the report was a first step in determining tribal readiness to do so. The analysis was an important one, as previously the federal government had been responsible for the complexities of overlapping jurisdictions of Indian Affairs. As tribal governing bodies moved to assume those roles, they had to be aware of state, federal, and municipal implications, as well as treaty provisions. The report highlighted numerous deficiencies in tribal governing documents and tribal court systems and recommendations for eliminating those deficiencies.
The American Indian Movement (AIM) was founded in 1968 by a group of Anishinaabe that included Dennis Banks, Mary Jane Wilson, George Mitchell, and Pat Ballanger. In 1969, while visiting the Occupation of Alcatraz, Banks, recruited John Trudell (Santee Sioux), who became AIM's primary spokesperson for the next decade and Russell Means (Oglala Lakota), who became AIM's primary strategist. As many as a dozen chapters sprang up in Oklahoma in the 1970s, led by Carter Camp (Ponca). The goals of the movement were self-determination of tribal people and development of a framework to address the critical issues — racism, illness, poverty, high unemployment, sub-standard housing, inadequate educational opportunities, and abrogation of treaty agreements — facing them.
On September 12, 1972, about forty to fifty Indians from the AIM movement, including Carter Camp and Hatch, took over the office of the state Indian Education director, Overton James (Chickasaw) in Oklahoma City, to protest the way federal money for Indian education was allocated. In Oklahoma, about 150 school districts having 10 percent or greater American Indian enrollment, annually received $2 million from the Johnson-O'Malley subsidies. The activists claimed the funds were being spent on the general expenses of schools and not specifically for native students. Negotiations with the BIA broke down and the facility was occupied until September 14, when a compromise was reached to freeze spending on Johnson-O'Malley funds for the fiscal year until an external audit of the expenditures could be undertaken.
Partly because of her involvement with AIM, but partly through her work with the OIO, Hatch was sent a few months after the BIA incident to take charge of a situation which had developed in the schools at Hammon, Oklahoma. Because of long-standing prejudice against native students, lack of desire to preserve native heritage or even present it in a positive light, little support from administrators, high dropout rates, and improper use of Johnson-O'Malley subsidies in the Hammon Public School System, Cheyenne students and their parents were in favor of creating the Institute for the Southern Plains. Barney Bush (Shawnee) and other AIM activists came to the support of parents and students in their standoff and boycott of the Hammon Schools. Peggy Dycus (Sac & Fox) was in charge of running the Southern Plains School, but she had trouble obtaining utilities, or even a house to rent, as she had been branded as an AIM radical. The Hammon Public Schools were opposed to creation of the new school, as they were under pressure to keep up their own enrollment or lose both the Johnson-O'Malley funds and run the risk of being consolidated with another school district. The Institute's goal was to teach students in their own Cheyenne language, with teachers who were mostly Cheyenne and understood the cultural identity of their students. Hatch obtained a grant of $30,000 from the BIA, which enabled 65 students of all ages to enroll in the Institute. They graduated three students in 1974, before the institute was forced to close.
In January 1973, Dennis Banks began gathering AIM members for a major civil rights campaign to expose corruption on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, the poverty and broken treaties there, as well as several uninvestigated deaths. On February 28, 1973, about 150 activists, including Don and Viola Hatch, who were to hold a press conference that morning at Wounded Knee, woke to find that they were surrounded by Guardians of the Oglala Nation (GOONs), who had been sent by the newly elected president of the Oglala Sioux, Dick Wilson. The GOONs were soon joined by FBI personnel and some 60 members of the United States Marshals Special Operations Group brought in by the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
The 71-day occupation of Wounded Knee had begun. The AIM activists were unprepared for armed conflict or a lengthy siege, and had to negotiate for food, clothing and arms to be smuggled in to the encampment. By March 7, 1973, 300 Marshals, 100 FBI agents, 250 BIA SWAT team agents, 150 GOONs and 150 non-Indian vigilantes had amassed to intercept and thwart any movement of goods or people into the compound. Nightly meetings were held by the activists to update them on what was happening and they would sing, drum, and pray. Don Hatch recounted Henry Crowdog, who adopted Hatch into his family, playing his guitar and singing Lakota songs. Eventually, electricity, water and food supplies were cut off by federal marshals and national guardsmen, in an attempt to break the standoff. Under heavy gunfire, Frank Clearwater, a Cherokee, and Buddy LaMonte, an Oglala Lakota, were killed. On May 7, 1973, the occupation ended when federal officials agreed to investigate the Wilson regime, abuses on the reservation, and treaty violations.
In 1998, Viola returned to South Dakota on the 25th anniversary of the event to participate in the Commemoration of Wounded Knee. Two days of festivities were held, honoring those who had been there in 1973 — those who had passed on and those who were still living — renewing ties and holding educational meetings.
On September 20, 1972, Viola's son, Buddy Hatch, was expelled from the fifth grade by his school principal because his haircut did not meet the school dress and appearance code. Hatch filed a civil rights lawsuit claiming that the hair-length rules of the school "violated their parental rights to raise their children according to their religious, cultural, and moral values". The United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit determined that hair length was not a constitutionally protected federal question and "should be handled through state procedures"] Like other challenges before it, Hatch's case, arguing for free speech and free exercise of religion, failed because the law requires proof that a clearly established tenet of the religion exists, not just a preference or custom.
However, the Tenth Circuit did remand the case back to the lower court to further evaluate the allegations of violations of the Establishment Clause and whether Hatch's son had been dismissed without proper hearing in violation of due process. Disciplinary measures taken by schools cannot interfere with the right of a child to obtain an education per the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The case was resolved with Hatch claiming victory in setting a "fairness" precedent for students.
In 1989, the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) held a conference to request that the Smithsonian Institution return and repatriate nearly 19,000 remains from Native Americans. Tribal representatives acknowledged that while anthropological studies of the skeletal remains could provide important and beneficial scientific information, once measurements and samples have been completed, they wanted the remains returned to their proper resting places. Hatch was vocal about tribal repatriation of ancestors and worked with other Indian leadership to secure the passage of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990.
In the midst of her federal trial, Hatch continued her activism, organizing the Women’s Healing Walk for Family and Mother Earth from Los Angeles, California to Saint Augustine, Florida. The walk took place from February 11 to July 11, 1996, and was made in remembrance of the Indian prisoners that were incarcerated at Fort Marion Prison in Florida. Between 1875 and 1878, 72 Cheyenne, Kiowa, Comanche, Caddo and Arapaho leaders and their families were interned in the prison and by the 1880s they were joined by hundreds of Apaches as prisoners of war. Two years after George Armstrong Custer's defeat at the Battle of Little Bighorn, the first prisoners were finally allowed to leave.
The walk was the first such commemoration of the native prisoners by Indian people and also focused on cleansing rites to protest nuclear dumping and desecration of burial mounds and other sacred sites. The closing ceremony at the Wind River Indian Reservation in Wyoming featured the Arapaho Sundance.
In May 2002, the City of Sturgis, South Dakota, and a group of private businessmen, submitted an application to Governor William Janklow for community development funds to build a sports complex and shooting range about four miles north of Bear Butte, a sacred place used for thousands of years by the Arapaho, Cheyenne, Sioux, and 30 other tribes for ceremonial purposes. Janklow approved the application and authorized funds of $825,000 from Housing and Urban Development (HUD) funds without obtaining consultation from the tribes or verifying that the proposal met requirements of the National Historic Preservation Act for National Historic Landmarks, or the National Environmental Policy Act.
In 2003, the Northern Cheyenne, Rosebud Sioux, Crow Creek Sioux, Yankton Sioux tribes and Defenders of the Black Hills filed for an injunction in a Rapid City, South Dakota, United States District Court to halt the development project and the spending of federal funds for it. Viola and her husband Don were among the coalition of defenders to protect Bear Butte and participated in the demonstrations. In December 2003 HUD funds were returned and in January 2004 the project was abandoned.
In February 2006, a long-term planning meeting of the Intertribal Coalition to Defend the Bear Butte, met in Sturgis, South Dakota, with international partners, tribal members and leadership, and other supporters to develop strategies to protect the sacred site. Hatch and her husband attended as representatives for the Southern Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes. A Mato Paha Preservation Fund was organized as were several meetings and celebrations to educate tribes throughout the Great Plains region regarding preservation efforts.
On the 30th anniversary of the original Longest Walk, a five-month walk from San Francisco, California to Washington, D. C., a walk was sponsored by Dennis Banks to raise environmental awareness. The original walk began on February 11, 1978, with nearly 2,000 participants and ended in Washington D.C. on July 15, 1978. Almost two dozen people had walked the entire 2,700 miles in an event that had been planned by the AIM Movement to protest 11 pieces of legislation. More than 100 Native American tribes supported the walk and its goals of protecting tribal sovereignty, native land rights and indigenous water and environmental rights. For the 2008 walk, which traveled through Oklahoma from May 3 to May 13, Viola served as the lead walker, Oklahoma coordinator, and hosted a benefit dance to honor Banks and her husband Don Hatch.
In 2012, for the Longest Walk III, walkers left Alcatraz Island on December 18, 2011 and arrived in Washington, D. C., on May 18, 2012. Hatch hosted the walkers at her home in Canton, Oklahoma on April 1, 2011. The third Walk was focused on the plight of the 36-year incarceration of AIM member Leonard Peltier.
The 2013 Longest Walk IV reversed the path of the previous walks and left Washington, D.C. on July 15, 2013 and arrived at Alcatraz Island, in the San Francisco Bay of California, on December 21, 2013. The purpose of the fourth Walk was to reaffirm tribal sovereignty and the spiritual relationships with native lands. Hatch and her family again supported the Oklahoma portion of the walk.
In 1982, Hatch was elected as vice chair of the Business Committee of the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes. She also served on the business committee from 1982 to 1983, 1984 to 1985, 1988 to 1989, 1990 to 1991, and 1992 to 1993. From 1987 to 1988, Hatch served as vice chair of the tribes. She was elected as treasurer for the 1989–1990 term and although not elected to the office, continued to serve as treasurer and sign tribal documents at the direction of the business council in 1990 and 1991. Hatch was elected and served as Tribal Chair from 1994 to 1995.
In 1988, Hatch, along with other members of the business council were sued by a consortium of oil and gas producers, who alleged that the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes' 1988 statute imposing a severance tax on oil and gas production on all lands in the Tribal jurisdiction was invalid because it included allotted lands of tribal members. On January 3, 1994, the Tribal Supreme Court ruled that the "territorial jurisdiction encompasse[d] all allotted lands." The oil and gas interests appealed the case to the United States Western District Court for Oklahoma in an action styled Mustang Fuel Corp. v. Hatch. The court upheld the right of the tribes to tax lands allotted in 1890 stating, "The allotted lands were validly set apart for use of the Tribes' members at that time and have continually been in federally protected status. Therefore, the Tribes can validly impose a tax on the valuable oil and gas development taking place on those lands as a source of revenue to fund tribal services within their territory". It was an important procedural victory for native people and has been used as a basis for other tribal disputes with oil and gas entities and tribal land use applications.
During Hatch's tenure as chair, the tribe submitted a tribal gaming ordinance, which was approved by the National Indian Gaming Commission (NIGC). Shortly thereafter, the Lucky Star Casino was built in Concho. By 2004, the tribe had expanded to a second casino in Clinton, Oklahoma and by 2015 their gaming enterprises encompassed 5 casinos. Indian Gaming became a major income source to both the tribe and the state of Oklahoma.
In March 1995, Hatch was removed from office, as she, a former state senator, and two other past tribal chairs of Cheyenne-Arapaho tribes were named in a 32-count federal indictment alleging they conspired to embezzle tribal funds. An audit by the Interior Department in 1992 had claimed that hundreds of thousands of dollars had been misused by the tribal business committee resulting in the near bankruptcy of the tribes. Hatch was one of the tribal chairs accused and had served as treasurer when the alleged discrepancies occurred. The actual indictment alleged that approximately $18,000 was falsely filed between January 1989 to December 1991.
In July 1995, in a federal courthouse in the U.S. Western District Court at Oklahoma City, Hatch and the other tribe members were indicted on charges of embezzlement, conversion, and conspiracy. The alleged travel expenditure violations were based on $734 of federal funds spent by Hatch, which were investigated over a 3-year period at a cost of several hundred thousand dollars by the federal government. The embezzlement and conspiracy charges were dismissed for lack of evidence. Hatch was convicted of receiving funds for conferences she did not attend and sentenced to 12 months in prison. She was convicted of "conversion" which legally means that she had lawfully come into possession of the funds but then afterwards illegally used the funds.
Hatch's conviction was appealed to the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals in Denver, Colorado, and overturned. According to court documents, while there were irregularities and a lack of oversight protections in the processing of travel expense claims, the government's allegations that Hatch ever possessed the funds were unsubstantiated. The government based its claim on the fact that as treasurer Hatch had access to tribal funds and a fiduciary responsibility over them; therefore, she had "ownership" of funds. However, the appellate court ruled that Hatch did not have sole discretionary use, as signatures of the business manager, the business committee chairman, and the comptroller were required for her to disburse any funds. The laxity of the business committee operations allowed overpayment of expenses, without any method of tracking double-payments, but did not constitute that Hatch knew overpayments were occurring or that she had discretionary authority over tribal funds. Her sentence, along with those of the others accused, was vacated by the 10th Circuit Court of Appeals.
In addition to her activism, Hatch volunteered as a cultural and heritage speaker for schools, libraries and other organizations. She served on the Southern Arapaho Language Advisory Board and is an honored elder board member of the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribe. She participated in Women of All Red Nations and the Arts & Crafts Cooperative. She was also involved with Bob Dotson's production at KWTV News of the documentary Till It's Here No More.
Hatch traveled to international indigenous rights meetings and participated in the United Nations Forum in Geneva, Switzerland, which developed the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, She met with the Ambassador to the European Union for the Sacred Sites meeting in a trip to Ireland and Northern Ireland.
On June 5, 1954, Viola married Donald Vernon Hatch (b. November 9, 1929 – d. August 7, 2013).
Viola and Don had four children: Sue Silcott and husband David, Hollie Youngbear and husband Duke, Donald (Buddy) Vernon Hatch Jr. and Roger Hatch.
Viola Sutton was born February 12, 1930 to Arapaho Chief and Mennonite pastor Harry Arthur Sutton (b. July 10, 1907 – d. May 16, 1978) and Sallie Blackbear Sutton (b. April 17, 1912 – d. July 8, 1988) on her grandmother's allotment near Geary, Oklahoma. Around 1938, the family left Geary and returned to the Canton area where Sutton's father had an allotment which he inherited from his grandmother, Red Face.
Viola was raised on the family allotment with her siblings: Cora Mae Sutton Scabbyhorse Querdibitty (b. September 5, 1932 – d. September 16, 2010), Patricia Ann Sutton Walker (b. April 1935 – d. November 9, 1997), Nancy Ruth Sutton (1937), Lavonta Sutton Kenrick (1939), former Arapaho chief William Ray "Billy" Sutton (b. December 21, 1940 – d. January 10, 2015), Charlene Sutton Lime (b. January 11, 1943 – d. July 26, 2013), Arthur Warren Sutton (b. 1945 – d. 1945), Wilda Jean Sutton Allen Gould, (b. 1947), Georgia Mae Sutton Roberts (b. May 2, 1948 – d. November 16, 2010), former Arapaho chief Allen D. Sutton (b. 1950), Ava Dushane Sutton Benson (b. 1954), and Marcella Dawn "Marci" Sutton Armijo (b. 1967).
Sutton attended school in Canton and then the Concho Indian Boarding School. Concho was a vocational training school based on a military-style discipline model. While the students did study the same curriculum as public school students by the time Sutton attended, it was a working farm and the students were expected to care for the livestock and cultivate the gardens. The purpose of boarding school education was to teach girls "life skills," such as cooking and cleaning, and Christianity, to rid children of their pagan beliefs. Frustrated by insistence that she be trained for domestic work, Sutton abandoned further education and moved to Chicago as part of the Bureau of Indian Affairs Relocation Program. She found work at the Speigel Company which was operating as predominantly a mail-order clothing and home accessory company.
As the 1960s emerged, a growing sensitivity to minority rights was born, spurred by Supreme Court decisions such as Brown v. Board of Education, Gideon v. Wainwright, Loving v. Virginia and legislation including the Voting Rights Acto of 1957, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968. Into this turbulent time, a pan-Indian movement developed predominantly with the goals of having the United States government return native lands, right social ills, and provide funds for cultural education. The Red Power Movement and the American Indian Movement were both born out of this pan-Indian awakening, and Viola was involved from the beginning.
During this time, Viola returned from Chicago and married Donald Hatch, a union organizer. Viola opened senior and youth centers, worked with the homeless and VISTA volunteers, and urged political involvement by native peoples. She became involved in both local and national level organizations for Indian rights. Hatch also worked as a field operative for Oklahomans for Indian Opportunity (OIO), an organization developed by LaDonna Harris (Comanche) under the federal Office of Economic Opportunity programs.
The creation of the OIO was the first effort in the state of Oklahoma for the western plains tribes in the state to work with the Five Civilized Tribes. Field operatives, like Viola, began organizing tribal Head Start Programs, programs to deal with high Indian drop-out rates, native economic development programs and tribal human services.
In 1961, a conference with over 800 participants was held in Chicago, Illinois, with educators and anthropologists, and frustrated Native Americans. Held from June 13–20, the conference produced a “Declaration of Indian Purpose: the Voice of the American Indian” – a policy created for Indians by Indians. The conference participants delivered the policy to President John F. Kennedy, but went on to form the National Indian Youth Council (NIYC) in Gallup, New Mexico, later that summer, to translate words into actions. The founding members of NIYC – Herbert Blatchford, Navajo Nation; Gerald Brown, Flathead Indian Reservation of Montana; Sam English, Ojibwe; Viola Hatch, Arapaho of the Cheyenne-Arapaho Tribe of Oklahoma; Joan Nobel, Ute; Karen Rickard, Tuscarora; Melvin Thom, Walker River Paiute Tribe of the Walker River Reservation, Nevada; Clyde Warrior, Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma; Della Warrior, Otoe-Missouria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma; and Shirley Hill Witt, Mohawk - included three members from Oklahoma. Although NIYC claimed to have hundreds of members, a core group of ten to fifteen people shaped the organization. Viola continued to serve on the board from the inception through 2015.
The goals of the National Indian Youth Council from the beginning were to honor and preserve the customs and lives of Native people. Their focus included preserving traditional religious practices and sacred sites; elimination of barriers to full political participation by native citizens; promotion of public education for tribe members which honors Indian contributions to the overall culture and respects positive image reinforcement of native traditions, customs and people; employment training and placement; protection of treaty rights, including tribal sovereignty, hunting and fishing rights and environmental conservation; and promoting international coordination and support for protection of the rights of indigenous people throughout the Western Hemisphere.
When Richard Nixon was elected President of the United States in 1968, Indian activists were unsure of what his policies would be, in spite of campaign promises. They remembered the termination policies of his Republican predecessors and demanded a clear policy proving that self-determination had arrived. The president-elect requested that native leaders compile a document briefing him on policy, their desires and solutions, needs, and priorities. From January to February, 1969 a task force met and prepared the document, which would become the basis of the Special Recommendations on Indian Affairs delivered by Nixon on July 8, 1970. After completion of the report, the task force which was composed of "many of the best known Indian leaders in the country," including Hatch (one of only six women on the task force), met in Washington, D. C. in November 1969 to present their ideas. On November 10, they met with Vice President Spiro Agnew and on November 12, they presented the statement to Congress. Their recommendations were that Indians needed to be involved in their own governance, be consulted, be allowed to design and implement processes, and be able to express their grievances and propose legislative and policy solutions. They asked for their sovereignty to be respected, for state governors to be required to honor treaties and federal statutes, and they asked for Congress to establish a system of redress so that if federal programs, which were designed for the benefit of Native Americans, were not in fact benefiting them, there would be mechanisms to obtain justice.
A second task force, also created in 1968, by the American Indian Policy Review Commission was charged with review of federal Indian law and policy to make recommendations of obsolete laws for repeal, consolidations of redundant provisions, or amendments of existing provisions to provide conformity throughout the United States Code. Hatch, Frances Wise, Roberta Black and numerous other native leaders reported on the failures of the Department of Justice and the FBI to respond and/or investigate civil rights abuse claims by Indians against state and local law enforcement officers. The task force concluded its work in 1976 and made a full report to Congress.
From June through August, 1974, a task force of Indian law students, Indian lawyers, and tribal representatives, assessed how tribal legal systems could be utilized to strengthen tribal governing bodies and implement judicial decisions. There were only three participants from Oklahoma on the task force—Hatch was the sole tribal representative and two Cherokee Nation student participants, Robert Steven Lowery and David Ricketts-Kingfisher. Seventeen reservations were visited with the goal of determining how to best implement the newly passed Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act. As administration of a wide range of government services which had previously been carried out by federal agencies were to become the responsibility of the tribes, the report was a first step in determining tribal readiness to do so. The analysis was an important one, as previously the federal government had been responsible for the complexities of overlapping jurisdictions of Indian Affairs. As tribal governing bodies moved to assume those roles, they had to be aware of state, federal, and municipal implications, as well as treaty provisions. The report highlighted numerous deficiencies in tribal governing documents and tribal court systems and recommendations for eliminating those deficiencies.
The American Indian Movement (AIM) was founded in 1968 by a group of Anishinaabe that included Dennis Banks, Mary Jane Wilson, George Mitchell, and Pat Ballanger. In 1969, while visiting the Occupation of Alcatraz, Banks, recruited John Trudell (Santee Sioux), who became AIM's primary spokesperson for the next decade and Russell Means (Oglala Lakota), who became AIM's primary strategist. As many as a dozen chapters sprang up in Oklahoma in the 1970s, led by Carter Camp (Ponca). The goals of the movement were self-determination of tribal people and development of a framework to address the critical issues — racism, illness, poverty, high unemployment, sub-standard housing, inadequate educational opportunities, and abrogation of treaty agreements — facing them.
On September 12, 1972, about forty to fifty Indians from the AIM movement, including Carter Camp and Hatch, took over the office of the state Indian Education director, Overton James (Chickasaw) in Oklahoma City, to protest the way federal money for Indian education was allocated. In Oklahoma, about 150 school districts having 10 percent or greater American Indian enrollment, annually received $2 million from the Johnson-O'Malley subsidies. The activists claimed the funds were being spent on the general expenses of schools and not specifically for native students. Negotiations with the BIA broke down and the facility was occupied until September 14, when a compromise was reached to freeze spending on Johnson-O'Malley funds for the fiscal year until an external audit of the expenditures could be undertaken.
Partly because of her involvement with AIM, but partly through her work with the OIO, Hatch was sent a few months after the BIA incident to take charge of a situation which had developed in the schools at Hammon, Oklahoma. Because of long-standing prejudice against native students, lack of desire to preserve native heritage or even present it in a positive light, little support from administrators, high dropout rates, and improper use of Johnson-O'Malley subsidies in the Hammon Public School System, Cheyenne students and their parents were in favor of creating the Institute for the Southern Plains. Barney Bush (Shawnee) and other AIM activists came to the support of parents and students in their standoff and boycott of the Hammon Schools. Peggy Dycus (Sac & Fox) was in charge of running the Southern Plains School, but she had trouble obtaining utilities, or even a house to rent, as she had been branded as an AIM radical. The Hammon Public Schools were opposed to creation of the new school, as they were under pressure to keep up their own enrollment or lose both the Johnson-O'Malley funds and run the risk of being consolidated with another school district. The Institute's goal was to teach students in their own Cheyenne language, with teachers who were mostly Cheyenne and understood the cultural identity of their students. Hatch obtained a grant of $30,000 from the BIA, which enabled 65 students of all ages to enroll in the Institute. They graduated three students in 1974, before the institute was forced to close.
In January 1973, Dennis Banks began gathering AIM members for a major civil rights campaign to expose corruption on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, the poverty and broken treaties there, as well as several uninvestigated deaths. On February 28, 1973, about 150 activists, including Don and Viola Hatch, who were to hold a press conference that morning at Wounded Knee, woke to find that they were surrounded by Guardians of the Oglala Nation (GOONs), who had been sent by the newly elected president of the Oglala Sioux, Dick Wilson. The GOONs were soon joined by FBI personnel and some 60 members of the United States Marshals Special Operations Group brought in by the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
The 71-day occupation of Wounded Knee had begun. The AIM activists were unprepared for armed conflict or a lengthy siege, and had to negotiate for food, clothing and arms to be smuggled in to the encampment. By March 7, 1973, 300 Marshals, 100 FBI agents, 250 BIA SWAT team agents, 150 GOONs and 150 non-Indian vigilantes had amassed to intercept and thwart any movement of goods or people into the compound. Nightly meetings were held by the activists to update them on what was happening and they would sing, drum, and pray. Don Hatch recounted Henry Crowdog, who adopted Hatch into his family, playing his guitar and singing Lakota songs. Eventually, electricity, water and food supplies were cut off by federal marshals and national guardsmen, in an attempt to break the standoff. Under heavy gunfire, Frank Clearwater, a Cherokee, and Buddy LaMonte, an Oglala Lakota, were killed. On May 7, 1973, the occupation ended when federal officials agreed to investigate the Wilson regime, abuses on the reservation, and treaty violations.
In 1998, Viola returned to South Dakota on the 25th anniversary of the event to participate in the Commemoration of Wounded Knee. Two days of festivities were held, honoring those who had been there in 1973 — those who had passed on and those who were still living — renewing ties and holding educational meetings.
On September 20, 1972, Viola's son, Buddy Hatch, was expelled from the fifth grade by his school principal because his haircut did not meet the school dress and appearance code. Hatch filed a civil rights lawsuit claiming that the hair-length rules of the school "violated their parental rights to raise their children according to their religious, cultural, and moral values". The United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit determined that hair length was not a constitutionally protected federal question and "should be handled through state procedures"] Like other challenges before it, Hatch's case, arguing for free speech and free exercise of religion, failed because the law requires proof that a clearly established tenet of the religion exists, not just a preference or custom.
However, the Tenth Circuit did remand the case back to the lower court to further evaluate the allegations of violations of the Establishment Clause and whether Hatch's son had been dismissed without proper hearing in violation of due process. Disciplinary measures taken by schools cannot interfere with the right of a child to obtain an education per the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The case was resolved with Hatch claiming victory in setting a "fairness" precedent for students.
In 1989, the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) held a conference to request that the Smithsonian Institution return and repatriate nearly 19,000 remains from Native Americans. Tribal representatives acknowledged that while anthropological studies of the skeletal remains could provide important and beneficial scientific information, once measurements and samples have been completed, they wanted the remains returned to their proper resting places. Hatch was vocal about tribal repatriation of ancestors and worked with other Indian leadership to secure the passage of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990.
In the midst of her federal trial, Hatch continued her activism, organizing the Women’s Healing Walk for Family and Mother Earth from Los Angeles, California to Saint Augustine, Florida. The walk took place from February 11 to July 11, 1996, and was made in remembrance of the Indian prisoners that were incarcerated at Fort Marion Prison in Florida. Between 1875 and 1878, 72 Cheyenne, Kiowa, Comanche, Caddo and Arapaho leaders and their families were interned in the prison and by the 1880s they were joined by hundreds of Apaches as prisoners of war. Two years after George Armstrong Custer's defeat at the Battle of Little Bighorn, the first prisoners were finally allowed to leave.
The walk was the first such commemoration of the native prisoners by Indian people and also focused on cleansing rites to protest nuclear dumping and desecration of burial mounds and other sacred sites. The closing ceremony at the Wind River Indian Reservation in Wyoming featured the Arapaho Sundance.
In May 2002, the City of Sturgis, South Dakota, and a group of private businessmen, submitted an application to Governor William Janklow for community development funds to build a sports complex and shooting range about four miles north of Bear Butte, a sacred place used for thousands of years by the Arapaho, Cheyenne, Sioux, and 30 other tribes for ceremonial purposes. Janklow approved the application and authorized funds of $825,000 from Housing and Urban Development (HUD) funds without obtaining consultation from the tribes or verifying that the proposal met requirements of the National Historic Preservation Act for National Historic Landmarks, or the National Environmental Policy Act.
In 2003, the Northern Cheyenne, Rosebud Sioux, Crow Creek Sioux, Yankton Sioux tribes and Defenders of the Black Hills filed for an injunction in a Rapid City, South Dakota, United States District Court to halt the development project and the spending of federal funds for it. Viola and her husband Don were among the coalition of defenders to protect Bear Butte and participated in the demonstrations. In December 2003 HUD funds were returned and in January 2004 the project was abandoned.
In February 2006, a long-term planning meeting of the Intertribal Coalition to Defend the Bear Butte, met in Sturgis, South Dakota, with international partners, tribal members and leadership, and other supporters to develop strategies to protect the sacred site. Hatch and her husband attended as representatives for the Southern Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes. A Mato Paha Preservation Fund was organized as were several meetings and celebrations to educate tribes throughout the Great Plains region regarding preservation efforts.
On the 30th anniversary of the original Longest Walk, a five-month walk from San Francisco, California to Washington, D. C., a walk was sponsored by Dennis Banks to raise environmental awareness. The original walk began on February 11, 1978, with nearly 2,000 participants and ended in Washington D.C. on July 15, 1978. Almost two dozen people had walked the entire 2,700 miles in an event that had been planned by the AIM Movement to protest 11 pieces of legislation. More than 100 Native American tribes supported the walk and its goals of protecting tribal sovereignty, native land rights and indigenous water and environmental rights. For the 2008 walk, which traveled through Oklahoma from May 3 to May 13, Viola served as the lead walker, Oklahoma coordinator, and hosted a benefit dance to honor Banks and her husband Don Hatch.
In 2012, for the Longest Walk III, walkers left Alcatraz Island on December 18, 2011 and arrived in Washington, D. C., on May 18, 2012. Hatch hosted the walkers at her home in Canton, Oklahoma on April 1, 2011. The third Walk was focused on the plight of the 36-year incarceration of AIM member Leonard Peltier.
The 2013 Longest Walk IV reversed the path of the previous walks and left Washington, D.C. on July 15, 2013 and arrived at Alcatraz Island, in the San Francisco Bay of California, on December 21, 2013. The purpose of the fourth Walk was to reaffirm tribal sovereignty and the spiritual relationships with native lands. Hatch and her family again supported the Oklahoma portion of the walk.
In 1982, Hatch was elected as vice chair of the Business Committee of the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes. She also served on the business committee from 1982 to 1983, 1984 to 1985, 1988 to 1989, 1990 to 1991, and 1992 to 1993. From 1987 to 1988, Hatch served as vice chair of the tribes. She was elected as treasurer for the 1989–1990 term and although not elected to the office, continued to serve as treasurer and sign tribal documents at the direction of the business council in 1990 and 1991. Hatch was elected and served as Tribal Chair from 1994 to 1995.
In 1988, Hatch, along with other members of the business council were sued by a consortium of oil and gas producers, who alleged that the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes' 1988 statute imposing a severance tax on oil and gas production on all lands in the Tribal jurisdiction was invalid because it included allotted lands of tribal members. On January 3, 1994, the Tribal Supreme Court ruled that the "territorial jurisdiction encompasse[d] all allotted lands." The oil and gas interests appealed the case to the United States Western District Court for Oklahoma in an action styled Mustang Fuel Corp. v. Hatch. The court upheld the right of the tribes to tax lands allotted in 1890 stating, "The allotted lands were validly set apart for use of the Tribes' members at that time and have continually been in federally protected status. Therefore, the Tribes can validly impose a tax on the valuable oil and gas development taking place on those lands as a source of revenue to fund tribal services within their territory". It was an important procedural victory for native people and has been used as a basis for other tribal disputes with oil and gas entities and tribal land use applications.
During Hatch's tenure as chair, the tribe submitted a tribal gaming ordinance, which was approved by the National Indian Gaming Commission (NIGC). Shortly thereafter, the Lucky Star Casino was built in Concho. By 2004, the tribe had expanded to a second casino in Clinton, Oklahoma and by 2015 their gaming enterprises encompassed 5 casinos. Indian Gaming became a major income source to both the tribe and the state of Oklahoma.
In March 1995, Hatch was removed from office, as she, a former state senator, and two other past tribal chairs of Cheyenne-Arapaho tribes were named in a 32-count federal indictment alleging they conspired to embezzle tribal funds. An audit by the Interior Department in 1992 had claimed that hundreds of thousands of dollars had been misused by the tribal business committee resulting in the near bankruptcy of the tribes. Hatch was one of the tribal chairs accused and had served as treasurer when the alleged discrepancies occurred. The actual indictment alleged that approximately $18,000 was falsely filed between January 1989 to December 1991.
In July 1995, in a federal courthouse in the U.S. Western District Court at Oklahoma City, Hatch and the other tribe members were indicted on charges of embezzlement, conversion, and conspiracy. The alleged travel expenditure violations were based on $734 of federal funds spent by Hatch, which were investigated over a 3-year period at a cost of several hundred thousand dollars by the federal government. The embezzlement and conspiracy charges were dismissed for lack of evidence. Hatch was convicted of receiving funds for conferences she did not attend and sentenced to 12 months in prison. She was convicted of "conversion" which legally means that she had lawfully come into possession of the funds but then afterwards illegally used the funds.
Hatch's conviction was appealed to the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals in Denver, Colorado, and overturned. According to court documents, while there were irregularities and a lack of oversight protections in the processing of travel expense claims, the government's allegations that Hatch ever possessed the funds were unsubstantiated. The government based its claim on the fact that as treasurer Hatch had access to tribal funds and a fiduciary responsibility over them; therefore, she had "ownership" of funds. However, the appellate court ruled that Hatch did not have sole discretionary use, as signatures of the business manager, the business committee chairman, and the comptroller were required for her to disburse any funds. The laxity of the business committee operations allowed overpayment of expenses, without any method of tracking double-payments, but did not constitute that Hatch knew overpayments were occurring or that she had discretionary authority over tribal funds. Her sentence, along with those of the others accused, was vacated by the 10th Circuit Court of Appeals.
In addition to her activism, Hatch volunteered as a cultural and heritage speaker for schools, libraries and other organizations. She served on the Southern Arapaho Language Advisory Board and is an honored elder board member of the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribe. She participated in Women of All Red Nations and the Arts & Crafts Cooperative. She was also involved with Bob Dotson's production at KWTV News of the documentary Till It's Here No More.
Hatch traveled to international indigenous rights meetings and participated in the United Nations Forum in Geneva, Switzerland, which developed the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, She met with the Ambassador to the European Union for the Sacred Sites meeting in a trip to Ireland and Northern Ireland.
On June 5, 1954, Viola married Donald Vernon Hatch (b. November 9, 1929 – d. August 7, 2013).
Viola and Don had four children: Sue Silcott and husband David, Hollie Youngbear and husband Duke, Donald (Buddy) Vernon Hatch Jr. and Roger Hatch.
February 18
*While studying photographs taken in January, Clyde Tombaugh confirmed the existence of Pluto, a celestial body considered a planet until redefined as a dwarf planet in 2006.
*Elm Farm Ollie became the first cow to fly in a fixed-wing aircraft, and also the first cow to be milked in an aeroplane.
*James Leslie Jacobs, an American handball player, boxing manager and a collector of comic books and boxing match films, was born in St. Louis, Missouri.
James Leslie Jacobs (b. February 18, 1930, St. Louis, Missouri – b. March 23, 1988, New York City, New York) was an American handball player, boxing manager, Academy Award nominee and comic book and fight film collector.
Born in St. Louis, Missouri, Jacobs grew up in a single-parent family in Los Angeles. He dropped out of high school before completing his education but excelled at numerous sports, including baseball, basketball, football and handball. He was credited with running 100 yards (91 m) in under ten seconds, winning a skeet shooting championship and shooting rounds of golf in the low 70s. Jacobs was offered the chance to try out for the United States Olympic basketball team but declined in order to focus on handball. Jacobs was drafted into the army during the Korean War and was awarded a Purple Heart.
In four-wall handball, Jacobs won his first American singles championship in 1955, defeating Vic Hershkowitz in the final in Chicago. In total, he won six American singles championships and six doubles championships (partnering with Marty Decatur). He was additionally a three time national champion in three-wall handball. Between 1955 and 1969, Jacobs won every national handball competition match he played in. In 1970, he was recognized by the United States Handball Association as the "Greatest Handball Player of the Generation."
A longtime boxing enthusiast, Jacobs started collecting films of boxing matches at the age of 17 after reading about the controversial decision in Joe Louis and Jersey Joe Walcott's 1947 world heavyweight title fight. Wanting to judge the result for himself, Jacobs tracked down and purchased a copy of the fight. Whilst touring Europe as a handball player, he began buying up old fight films, many of which had been shipped out of America in the wake of the 1912 Congressional ban on the interstate trafficking of boxing films.
In 1959, Jacobs went into business with fellow collector Bill Cayton, and together they owned the production companies The Greatest Fights of the Century and Big Fights inc. He and Cayton rescued and restored rare films of such fighters as Bob Fitzsimmons, Jack Johnson, Jack Dempsey and James J. Corbett, which might otherwise have been lost forever. In 1974, they purchased the Madison Square Garden fight archive. The result was that between them they amassed the world's largest collection of fight films (between 16,000 and 26,000), dating from the 1890s through to the present day. In 1998, Cayton sold the collection to ESPN for a reported $100 million. They also made over 1000 boxing documentaries and productions, including a.k.a. Cassius Clay, Jack Johnson, The Heavyweight Champions and Legendary Champions; the latter three were nominated for Academy Awards.
In 1978 Jacobs and Cayton bought the management contract of world light-welterweight champion Wilfred Benitez from Benitez' father for $75,000 and guided him to two more championships and over $6.5 million in purses. The partnership ended in December 1983, when Benitez bought out his contract in order to manage himself. In 1984 they signed the 18-year-old Mike Tyson, who was being trained by Jacobs' old friend Cus D'Amato, and oversaw his rise to become undisputed world heavyweight champion. Jacobs became a close friend and mentor of Tyson. Jacobs and Cayton also managed Edwin Rosario, who became a three time world lightweight champion, and 1970s middleweight contender Eugene Hart. Jacobs was named Manager of the Year by the Boxing Writers Association of America in 1986.
Jacobs also acquired an extensive collection of comic books, having read them since his youth. His collection was thought to contain between 500,000 and 880,000 comics, and had to be stored in a warehouse. Jacobs owned six copies of a rare Detective Comics issue from 1938, worth $10,000 each at the time of his death.
Jacobs died of leukemia in 1988. He is an inductee of the International Boxing Hall of Fame, the World Boxing Hall of Fame, the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame and the United States Handball Hall of Fame. He posthumously appeared in the boxing documentaries When We Were Kings and Tyson in archive footage.
March
March 2
*Mahatma Gandhi informed the British viceroy of India that civil disobedience would begin the following week.
March 3
*Bob Hammer, a jazz pianist, composer and arranger who most famously worked with Charles Mingus, was born in Indianapolis, Indiana.
Howard Robert "Bob" Hammer (b. March 3, 1930, Indianapolis, Indiana) began performing in Michigan at age 15 before studying at Michigan State University and the Manhattan School of Music. Hammer had familiarized himself with early jazz styles (his father had performed with territory bands during the 1930s), and while living in New York, he performed with musicians such as Red Allen and Bud Freeman. During the early 1960s, he studied with composer Henry Brant (alongside Tom McIntosh and Julian Priester).
Hammer led a band with Bob Wilber (1955). He worked in the Sauter/Finnegan Orchestra, the Roy Eldridge Quartet (1956) and with Gene Krupa (1956/57). He was a member of Red Allen's band (1958–1962) and Eddie Condon's (1959/60) band. At that time he recorded with Charles Mingus (who called him his "Beethoven") and began to work as arranger for the bassist on Mingus Mingus Mingus Mingus Mingus, Townhall Concert and the celebrated The Black Saint and the Sinner Lady. In 1963, he played with Pee Wee Russell, Krupa and Eldridge. In 1964 he was on tour with Bobby Hackett. From 1965 to 1967, he worked as arranger for the Merv Griffin Show. He recorded with Jimmy Knepper, Johnny Hartman, Woody Herman, Clark Terry, and Elvin Jones. Between 1967 and 1982, he worked as a member of show bands in Las Vegas. After moving to Los Angeles in 1983, he had an engagement with Slide Hampton, he worked as instructor for jazz improvisation at El Camino Community College and played in the Jimmy Cleveland Octet. He also worked with Barbara McNair, the Tommy Newsome Quartet and the MDA Labor Day Telethon. In 2004 he recorded with Floyd Standifer's quintet. He also arranged dance charts for the Nicholas Brothers, Skip Cunningham, Chester Whitmore, Jacqueline Douget, Deborah Lysholm or Tim Hickey.
March 5
*Danish painter Einar Wegener began sex reassignment surgery in Germany and took the name Lili Elbe.
March 6
*The first frozen foods of Clarence Birdseye went on sale in Springfield, Massachusetts.
*Allison Hayes (b. March 6, 1930, Charleston, West Virginia – d. February 27, 1977, San Diego, California) an American film and television actress and model best known for her.lead role in Attack of the 50 Foot Woman, where she plays the part of an abused socialite who grows to giant size because of an alien encounter, was born in Charleston, West Virginia..
March 8
*A United States and League of Nations commission reported that Liberia still had slavery.
*William Howard Taft, the only person to have served as President of the United States (the 27th) and as Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court (the 10th), died in Washington, D. C.
March 11
*Smail Hamdani, an Algerian politician who became Prime Minister of Algeria from December 15, 1998 to December 23, 1999, was born in Guenzet, Algeria.
Smail Hamdani (Arabic: اسماعيل حمداني; b. March 11, 1930, Guenzet, Algeria – d. February 6/7, 2017, Djasr Kasentina, Algeria) was born in Guenzet, Bordj Bou Arriridj Province in eastern Kabylie, on March 11, 1930.
Hamdani became a member of the National Liberation Front (FLN). In 1962, when Algeria gained its independence, he was named as chief of staff of the provisional government led by Abderrahmane Fares. Under the presidency of Ahmed Ben Bella, Hamdani was appointed ambassador to Belgium. Then he served as information officer and the director of legal and consular affairs at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs until 1970.
He was Prime Minister from December 15, 1998 to December 23, 1999.
Hamdani died in his sleep on the night of February 6 or the morning of February 7, 2017, at the age of 86.
March 12
*Mahatma Gandhi set off on a 200-mile protest march towards the sea with 78 followers to protest the British monopoly on salt. More would join them during the Salt March that ended on April 5.
A civil disobedience campaign against the British in India began. The All-India Trade Congress empowered Mahatma Gandhi to begin the demonstrations. Called Mahatma (meaning "great soul" or "sage") for the previous decade, Gandhi led a 165 mile march to the Gujurat Coast of the Arabian Sea and produced salt by evaporation of seawater in violation of the law as a gesture of defiance against the British monopoly in salt production.
March 13
*Harold Harvey, an umpire in Major League Baseball who worked in the National League and became the ninth umpire inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame, was born in South Gate, California.
Harold Douglas Harvey (b. March 13, 1930, South Gate, California) worked in the National League (NL) from 1962 through 1992. Noted for his authoritative command of baseball rules, he earned the tongue-in-check nickname "God" from players, and was among the last major league umpires who never attended an umpiring school. Harvey umpired five World Weries and six All-Star Games. His career total of 4,673 games ranked third in major league history at the time of his retirement. On December 7, 2009, Harvey became the ninth umpire elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame. In 1999, the Society for American Baseball Research ranked Harvey as the second-greatest umpire in history, behind only Bill Klem. In 2007, Referee magazine selected him as one of the 52 most influential figures in the history of sports officiating. Harvey wore uniform number 8 for most of his career.
March 14
*Don Haskins, an American basketball coach best known as the coach of the 1966 Texas Western College basketball team that won the NCAA championship utilizing five African Americans as starters, was born in Enid, Oklahoma.
March 16
*Harold Harvey, an umpire in Major League Baseball who worked in the National League and became the ninth umpire inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame, was born in South Gate, California.
Harold Douglas Harvey (b. March 13, 1930, South Gate, California) worked in the National League (NL) from 1962 through 1992. Noted for his authoritative command of baseball rules, he earned the tongue-in-check nickname "God" from players, and was among the last major league umpires who never attended an umpiring school. Harvey umpired five World Weries and six All-Star Games. His career total of 4,673 games ranked third in major league history at the time of his retirement. On December 7, 2009, Harvey became the ninth umpire elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame. In 1999, the Society for American Baseball Research ranked Harvey as the second-greatest umpire in history, behind only Bill Klem. In 2007, Referee magazine selected him as one of the 52 most influential figures in the history of sports officiating. Harvey wore uniform number 8 for most of his career.
March 14
*Don Haskins, an American basketball coach best known as the coach of the 1966 Texas Western College basketball team that won the NCAA championship utilizing five African Americans as starters, was born in Enid, Oklahoma.
Donald Lee Haskins (b. March 14, 1930, Enid, Oklahoma – d. September 7, 2008, El Paso, Texas), nicknamed "The Bear", played college basketball for three years under coach Henry Iba at Oklahoma A&M (now Oklahoma State University). He was the head coach at Texas Western College (renamed the University of Texas at El Paso in 1967) from 1961 to 1999. His greatest triumph occurred in 1966, when his team won the NCAA Tournament over the Wildcats of the University of Kentucky, coached by Adolph Rupp. The watershed game initiated the end of racial segregation in college basketball.
In his time at Texas Western/UTEP, Haskins compiled a 719–353 record, suffering only five losing seasons. He won 14 Western Athletic Conference championships and four WAC tournament titles, had fourteen NCAA tournament berths and made seven trips to the National Invitational Tournament. Haskins led UTEP to 17 20-plus-win seasons and served as an assistant Olympic team coach in 1972.
Haskins was enshrined into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1997 as a basketball coach. His 1966 team was inducted in its entirety by the same Hall of Fame on September 7, 2007.
Glory Road, a Disney film about the then-Texas Western 1966 championship season, was released on January 13, 2006. Haskins is portrayed in the film by actor Josh Lucas.March 16
*The former Spanish dictator Primo de Rivera died at the age of 59. Students agitated for a Spanish Republic, denouncing the monarchy of Alfonso XIII.
March 28
*Turkey's President Mustafa Kemal Ataturk renamed Constantinople, Istanbul, and Angora, Ankara. The government of Turkey requested that the international community adopt Istanbul and Ankara as the official names for Constantinople and Angora.
Constantinople was a name for the great city, but it was a name which the Turks detested.
Istanbul was the common name for the city in normal speech in Turkish even since before the Ottoman conquest of 1453, but in official use by the Ottoman authorities, other names such as Constantinople were preferred in certain contexts.
After the creation of the Turkish Republic in 1923, the various alternative names besides Istanbul became obsolete in the Turkish language. With the Turkish Postal Service Law of March 28, 1930, the Turkish authorities officially requested foreigners to cease referring to the city with their traditional non-Turkish names (such as Constantinople, Tsarigrad, etc.) and to adopt Istanbul as the sole name also in their own languages. Letters or packages sent to "Constantinople" instead of "Istanbul" were no longer delivered by Turkey's PTT, which contributed to the eventual worldwide adoption of the new name.
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