1934
*****
Pan-African Chronology
January
*Yaba Higher College officially opened in Yaba, Nigeria.
January 7
*Charles Jenkins, the 1956 Olympic 400 meter champion, was born in New York City, New York.
*Yaba Higher College officially opened in Yaba, Nigeria.
January 7
*Charles Jenkins, the 1956 Olympic 400 meter champion, was born in New York City, New York.
January 15
*Hemsley Winfield, the first African American dancer to be involved in ballet, died.
January 16
*Hurtig & Seamon's New Burlesque Theater in Harlem re-opened as a venue for black clientele under a new name, the Apollo Theater.
*Marilyn Horne, a mezzo-soprano opera singer, was born in Bradford, Pennsylvania.
January 17
*Cedar Walton, a hard bop jazz pianist, was born in Dallas, Texas.
January 22
*Nolan Strong, a doo wop singer, was born in Scottsboro, Alabama.
January 23
*The United States formally recognized Cuba.
January 26
*Harlem's Apollo Theatre staged its first live show.
January 28
*Bill White, a baseball player who served as President of the National League from 1989 to 1994, was born in Lakewood, Florida.
January 28
*Bill White, a baseball player who served as President of the National League from 1989 to 1994, was born in Lakewood, Florida.
February 5
*Baseball player Henry "Hank" Aaron, who would break Babe Ruth's career home-run record, was born in Mobile, Alabama.
February 7
*Franklin Clarke, a football wide receiver who played in the National Football League (NFL) for the Cleveland Browns and the Dallas Cowboys, was born in Beloit, Wisconsin.
*Earl King, a singer, guitarist and songwriter known for composiing the blues standard "I Hear You Knocking", was born in New Orleans, Louisiana.
February 12
February 7
*Franklin Clarke, a football wide receiver who played in the National Football League (NFL) for the Cleveland Browns and the Dallas Cowboys, was born in Beloit, Wisconsin.
*Earl King, a singer, guitarist and songwriter known for composiing the blues standard "I Hear You Knocking", was born in New Orleans, Louisiana.
February 12
*Basketball player and coach William Felton "Bill" Russell, who would be named Most Valuable Player of the Year five times, was born in Monroe, Louisiana.
February 18
*Poet and essayist Audre Lorde was born in New York City.
February 20
*Four Saints in Three Acts, the first African American performed opera on Broadway, opened.
February 24
*Bingu wa Muthanka, the President of Malawi from 2004 to 2012, was born in Thyolo, Nyasaland (Malawi).
March 4
*Barbara Jean McNair, a model and actress, was born in Chicago, Illinois.
March 12
*Virginia Hamilton, author of juvenile fiction such as M. C. Higgins the Great and Sweet Whispers, Brother Rush, was born in Yellow Springs, Ohio.
*Benito Mussolini made a speech in Rome outlining a 60-year plan that would give Italy the "primacy of the world" in the 21st century and would make that century a "blackshirt era". Mussolini proclaimed that Italy's future lay to the "east and south in Asia and Africa. The vast resources of Africa must be valorized and Africa brought within the civilized circle. I do not refer to conquest of territory but to natural expansion. We demand that nations which have already arrived in Africa do not block at every step Italian expansion."
March 20
*Willie Brown, the first African American to serve as Speaker of the California State Assembly and the 41st Mayor of San Francisco, California, was born in Mineola, Texas (March 20).
*An editorial in Mussolini's newspaper Il Popolo d'Italia wrote that "The diminution of births in the United States is assuming alarming proportions" The editorial concluded: "When we reflect there are in the United States 11,500,000 Negroes, people of extraordinary fecundity, it is necessary to conclude with a real cry of alarm. The Yellow Peril is nothing. We will encounter an Africanized America in which the white race, by the inexorable law of numbers, will end by being suffocated by the fertile grandsons of Uncle Tom. Are we to see within a century a Negro in the White House?"
March 27
*Arthur Mitchell, a dancer and choreographer who created a training school and the first African-American classical ballet company, Dance Theatre of Harlem, was born in Harlem, New York.
April 7
April 29
*Pedro Pires, the third President of Cape Verde (2001-2011), was born in Fogo, Overseas Province of Cabo Verde, Portugal.
May 13
*Leon Wagner, a baseball left fielder who played for the San Francisco Giants, St. Louis Cardinals, Los Angeles Angels, Cleveland Indians, and Chicago White Sox, was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee.
April 7
*William Monroe Trotter, a founder of The Boston Guardian, an independent African American newspaper, and a civil rights activist, died in Boston, Massachusetts (April 7).
April 29
*Pedro Pires, the third President of Cape Verde (2001-2011), was born in Fogo, Overseas Province of Cabo Verde, Portugal.
May 13
*Leon Wagner, a baseball left fielder who played for the San Francisco Giants, St. Louis Cardinals, Los Angeles Angels, Cleveland Indians, and Chicago White Sox, was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee.
May 28
*Activist Betty Shabazz, the wife of Malcolm X, was born in Pinehurst, Georgia.
June
*The Citizens' League for Fair Play organized a boycott against Blumstein's Department Store in Harlem.
June 6
June 18
*France introduced air service between Algiers and Brazzaville in the French Congo.
June 22
*The Status of the Union Act, declaring the Union of South Africa to be a "sovereign independent state", received royal assent.
July 4
*Yvonne Miller, the first African American woman to be elected to the Virginia state legislature, was born in Edenton, North Carolina.
July 5
*President Roosevelt arrived at Cap-Haitien, Haiti to a 21-gun salute, the first president to visit Haiti while in office. Roosevelt delivered a speech, partly in French, announcing the withdrawal of United States Marines from the country by October.
July 7
June 6
*Roy Innis, the National Chairman of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) from 1968 to 2017, was born in Saint Croix, United States Virgin Islands.
*France introduced air service between Algiers and Brazzaville in the French Congo.
June 22
*The Status of the Union Act, declaring the Union of South Africa to be a "sovereign independent state", received royal assent.
July 4
*Yvonne Miller, the first African American woman to be elected to the Virginia state legislature, was born in Edenton, North Carolina.
July 5
*President Roosevelt arrived at Cap-Haitien, Haiti to a 21-gun salute, the first president to visit Haiti while in office. Roosevelt delivered a speech, partly in French, announcing the withdrawal of United States Marines from the country by October.
July 7
*President Roosevelt visited Saint Thomas, United States Virgin Islands.
July 10
July 16
July 10
*In the French Congo, a railway line connecting Pointe-Noire with Brazzaville opened.
July 15
*Bill Gunn, a film director known for directing the cult classic horror film Ganja and Hess, was born in Philadelphia. Pennsylvania.
*Donald Payne, the first African American elected to the United States House of Representatives from New Jersey, was born in Newark, New Jersey.
July 20
*Henry Dumas, author of Ark of Bones and Other Stories, was born in Sweet Home, Arkansas.
July 21
*Politician Edolphus Towns was born in Chadbourn, North Carolina. He would become Brooklyn borough president, United States representative from New York, and chair of the Congressional Black Caucus.
July 26
*Austin Clarke, a novelist, essayist and short story writer best known for his book The Polished Hoe, was born in St. James, Barbados.
August 3
*Austin Clarke, a novelist, essayist and short story writer best known for his book The Polished Hoe, was born in St. James, Barbados.
August 3
*Jonas Savimbi, the founder and leader of the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), was born in Munhango, Moxico Province, Angola.
August 15
August 18
*Roberto Clemente, the first Latin American and Caribbean baseball player to be enshrined in the National Baseball Hall of Fame, was born in Barrio San Anton, Carolina, Puerto Rico.
September 7
*James Milton Campbell, Jr., better known as Little Milton, a blues singer and guitarist, known for his hit records "Grits Ain't Groceries," "Walking the Back Streets and Crying," and "We're Gonna Make It", was born in Inverness, Mississippi.
September 9
*Sonia Sanchez, poet, playwright, and short-story writer, was born in Birmingham, Alabama.
September 16
*Elgin Baylor, one of the 50 greatest players in the history of the National Basketball Association, was born in Washington, D. C.
September 27
*Actor Greg Morris was born in Cleveland, Ohio. He would have a role in the popular television series Mission Impossible.
September 29
September 29
*Italy and Ethiopia released a joint statement refuting any aggression between each other.
October
*Disgruntled former South African Party Members of Parliament formed the Dominion Party.
October 2
*Robert Wilson, the first African American to pitch an American League no-hitter, was born in Ponchatoula, Louisiana.
October 4
*Painter Malvin Gray Johnson died in New York City. The Harmon Foundation would mount a memorial retrospective of his work in 1935.
*Bill Jones, one of the first black photographers to work the celebrity beat in Hollywood and a photographer who brought attention to Halle Berry, Denzel Washington and other black stars early in their careers, was born in Mansfield, Ohio.
*Bill Jones, one of the first black photographers to work the celebrity beat in Hollywood and a photographer who brought attention to Halle Berry, Denzel Washington and other black stars early in their careers, was born in Mansfield, Ohio.
October 7
*Amiri Baraka (LeRoi Jones), a poet and playwright who wrote the play Dutchman, was born in Newark, New Jersey. He would become a leader of the Black Arts Movement in the 1960s.
October 9
*Abdullah Ibrahim, a South African pianist and composer, was born in Cape Town, South Africa.
October 17
October 9
*Abdullah Ibrahim, a South African pianist and composer, was born in Cape Town, South Africa.
October 17
*Rico Rodriguez, a Cuban-born Jamaican ska artist, was born in Havana, Cuba.
October 20
*Eddie Harris, a jazz musician best known for playing tenor saxophone and for introducing the electrically amplified saxophone, was born in Chicago, Illinois.
November
*Elijah Muhammad succeeded W. D. Fard as leader of the Nation of Islam.
November 7
*Arthur L. Mitchell, a Democrat, defeated Republican Congressman Oscar de Priest of Chicago, becoming the pioneer African American member of the Democratic party in Congress.
November 10
*George Alexander McGuire, the founding bishop of the African Orthodox church, died in New York City.
November 14
November 23
*Lansana Conté, the second President of Guinea, serving from April 3, 1984 until his death in December 2008, was born in Dubreka, French Guinea.
December 1
*Billy Paul, a singer known for the soul ballad "Me and Mrs. Jones", was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
*Andre Rodgers, the first Bahamian to play Major League baseball, was born in Nassau, Bahamas.
December 5
*Tensions result in a border clash at Walwal. Italy invaded Ethiopia at Walwal, Ogaden Province.
December 6
*Abyssinia protested against Italian aggression at Walwal.
December 8
*Junior Wells, a Chicago blues vocalist, harmonica player, and recording artist, was born in either Memphis, Tennessee or West Memphis, Arkansas.
December 19
*Mussolini wrote a memorandum for Marshal Pietro Badoglio titled "Directive and Plan of Action to Solve the Abyssinian question." "I decide on this war, the object of which is nothing more than the complete destruction of the Abyssinian army and the total conquest of Abyssinia", Mussolini wrote. "In no other way can we build the empire."
November 14
*William Levi Dawson's Negro Folk Symphony, the first symphony on black folk themes by an African American composer to be performed by a major orchestra, was performed at Carnegie Hall by the Philadelphia Symphony Orchestra.
November 21
*Seventeen-year-old Ella Fitzgerald made her singing debut at Harlem's Apollo Theater, winning first prize in the venue's famous amateur contest.
November 21
*Seventeen-year-old Ella Fitzgerald made her singing debut at Harlem's Apollo Theater, winning first prize in the venue's famous amateur contest.
November 23
*An Anglo–Ethiopian boundary commission discovered the Italian force at Walwal. British members of the delegation soon retire to avoid an international incident.
November 26
November 30
*The Hollywood movie Imitation of Life opened. It starred African American actress Louise Beavers and European American Claudette Colbert as two women who went into business together but whose daughters led troubled adulthood lives.
November 30
December 1
*Billy Paul, a singer known for the soul ballad "Me and Mrs. Jones", was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
December 2
*Andre Rodgers, the first Bahamian to play Major League baseball, was born in Nassau, Bahamas.
December 5
*Tensions result in a border clash at Walwal. Italy invaded Ethiopia at Walwal, Ogaden Province.
December 6
*Abyssinia protested against Italian aggression at Walwal.
December 8
*Italy demanded an apology for the Walwal incident.
December 9
December 9
December 11
*Italy demanded financial and strategic compensation for the Walwal incident.
December 19
*A lynch mob burned down a courthouse in Shelbyville, Tennessee, after learning that the young African-American man they wanted to hang had been transported to another county for his protection. National Guardsmen protecting the man killed 2 during a battle around the courthouse.
December 21
*Hank Crawford, an R&B, hard bop, jazz-funk, soul jazz alto saxophonist who became the musical director for Ray Charles, was born in Memphis, Tennessee.
December 22
December 24
*Wallace Thurman, the author of the novel The Blacker the Berry: A Novel of Negro Life, died in New York City, New York.
December 24
*Mussolini ordered General Emilio De Bono to Eritrea to take command of the Italian forces there.
December 26
*Wallace Henry Thurman, a novelist active during the Harlem Renaissance, was born in Salt Lake City, Utah.
December 30
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