1933
Pan-African Chronology
Pan-African Chronology
January 1
*Archaeologists and fortune hunters Jerry van Graan and Ernst van Graan began excavations of the ancestral graveyard of the Kings of Mapungubwe in South Africa, undisturbed since the 13th Century, after being tipped off by a local resident.
January 2
*Sutton Griggs, the author of Imperium in Imperio, a utopian work that envisions a separate African American state within the United States, died in Houston, Texas.
January 4
*After a ban against African American enlistments that had begun on August 4, 1919, the United States Navy allowed African Americans to join, but only in the steward's department, in food service and as servants for officers. At the time, 0.5% of the enlisted men were African American. The reversal was not prompted by racial enlightenment, but by concerns that the number of available Filipino domestic help would be dwindling.
January 7
*A United States opera based on The Emperor Jones, Eugene O'Neill's 1920 play and composed by Louis Gruenberg, premiered at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City, with baritone Lawrence Tibbett in the title role of a black escaped convict turned ruler (January 7). Tibbett, who was white, appeared in blackface, but several other cast members were African-Americans.
January 15
*Ernest Gaines, the author of A Lesson Before Dying, was born in Oscar, Louisiana.
January 18
*Angelo Herndon, a Communist Party member, was convicted of attempting to incite an insurrection and sentenced to 18 years in prison.
February 5
*James Banning, a trailblazing aviator who made a transcontinental trip in his own self-built plane, was killed while flying as a passenger in another's plane that crashed in San Diego, California.
February 6
*Walter Fauntroy, the long-time Congressional Delegate for the District of Columbia, was born in Washington, D. C.
February 13
*Paul Biya, a long-time President of Cameroon, was born in the village of Mvomeka'a in the South Region of Cameroon.
February 16
*William Bryant, a recipient of the Medal of Honor for his actions in the Vietnam War, was born in Cochran, Georgia.
February 17
*Nina Mae McKinney became the first African American to perform on television, appearing on a broadcast made by John Logie Baird in London.
February 21
*Archaeologists and fortune hunters Jerry van Graan and Ernst van Graan began excavations of the ancestral graveyard of the Kings of Mapungubwe in South Africa, undisturbed since the 13th Century, after being tipped off by a local resident.
January 2
*Sutton Griggs, the author of Imperium in Imperio, a utopian work that envisions a separate African American state within the United States, died in Houston, Texas.
January 4
*After a ban against African American enlistments that had begun on August 4, 1919, the United States Navy allowed African Americans to join, but only in the steward's department, in food service and as servants for officers. At the time, 0.5% of the enlisted men were African American. The reversal was not prompted by racial enlightenment, but by concerns that the number of available Filipino domestic help would be dwindling.
January 7
*A United States opera based on The Emperor Jones, Eugene O'Neill's 1920 play and composed by Louis Gruenberg, premiered at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City, with baritone Lawrence Tibbett in the title role of a black escaped convict turned ruler (January 7). Tibbett, who was white, appeared in blackface, but several other cast members were African-Americans.
January 15
*Ernest Gaines, the author of A Lesson Before Dying, was born in Oscar, Louisiana.
January 18
*Angelo Herndon, a Communist Party member, was convicted of attempting to incite an insurrection and sentenced to 18 years in prison.
February 5
*James Banning, a trailblazing aviator who made a transcontinental trip in his own self-built plane, was killed while flying as a passenger in another's plane that crashed in San Diego, California.
February 6
*Walter Fauntroy, the long-time Congressional Delegate for the District of Columbia, was born in Washington, D. C.
February 13
*Paul Biya, a long-time President of Cameroon, was born in the village of Mvomeka'a in the South Region of Cameroon.
February 16
*William Bryant, a recipient of the Medal of Honor for his actions in the Vietnam War, was born in Cochran, Georgia.
February 17
*Nina Mae McKinney became the first African American to perform on television, appearing on a broadcast made by John Logie Baird in London.
February 21
*Singer Nina Simone, "High Priestess of Soul," was born in Tryon, North Carolina.
February 23
*Lee Calhoun, the 1956 and 1960 Olympic 110 meter hurdles champion, was born in Laurel, Mississippi.
February 23
*Lee Calhoun, the 1956 and 1960 Olympic 110 meter hurdles champion, was born in Laurel, Mississippi.
February 24
*Ali Mazrui, author of The Africans, was born in Mombasa, Kenya.
February 26
*Godfrey Cambridge, a comic and actor, was born in New York City, New York.
March 2
*Ben Jobe, the long-time head basketball coach of Southern University, was born in Nashville, Tennessee.
March 4
*Ben Jobe, the long-time head basketball coach of Southern University, was born in Nashville, Tennessee.
March 4
*Solomon kaDinuzulu, the King of the Zulu nation, died at Kambi.
March 14
*Trumpeter and record producer Quincy Delight Jones, winner of 20 Grammys, was born in Chicago.
March 15
*The NAACP opened its attack on segregation and discrimination in American schools and colleges. On behalf of Thomas Hocutt, the NAACP sued the University of North Carolina. An African American educator responsible for certifying the academic record of the applicant refused to do so, and the case was lost.
March 17
*Myrlie Evers-Williams, the widow of Medgar Evers and a chairperson of the NAACP, was born in Vicksburg, Mississippi.
March 29
*Clifford Fyle, a Sierra Leonean author who wrote the Sierra Leone National Anthem, was born in Freetown, Sierra Leone.
April 9
*The first of the series of retrials of the Scottsboro Boys ended. Haywood Patterson was again found guilty of rape and sentenced to execution.
March 15
*The NAACP opened its attack on segregation and discrimination in American schools and colleges. On behalf of Thomas Hocutt, the NAACP sued the University of North Carolina. An African American educator responsible for certifying the academic record of the applicant refused to do so, and the case was lost.
March 17
*Myrlie Evers-Williams, the widow of Medgar Evers and a chairperson of the NAACP, was born in Vicksburg, Mississippi.
March 29
*Clifford Fyle, a Sierra Leonean author who wrote the Sierra Leone National Anthem, was born in Freetown, Sierra Leone.
April 9
*The first of the series of retrials of the Scottsboro Boys ended. Haywood Patterson was again found guilty of rape and sentenced to execution.
April 11
*Tony Brown, producer and host of the Emmy-winning TV series Black Journal, was born in Charles Town, West Virginia.
April 24
*Camp De Priest, the first African-American Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) camp, was established at the Allegheny National Forest.
May 3
*James Brown, a singer known as the "Godfather of Soul", was born in Barnwell, South Carolina.
April 24
*Camp De Priest, the first African-American Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) camp, was established at the Allegheny National Forest.
May 3
*James Brown, a singer known as the "Godfather of Soul", was born in Barnwell, South Carolina.
May 11
*Louis Farrakhan (Louis Eugene Walcott) was born in New York City. As Louis Farrakhan, he would become national representative of Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam, and upon Muhammad's death, he would lead a faction of the movement.
May 19
*Tom Feelings, an illustrator and comic strip artist, was born in Brooklyn, New York (May 19).
May 21
*George Wilson Becton, the controversial 43-year-old African-American evangelist, was murdered by two white gunmen as he and aides left a Philadelphia church after he preached a sermon there.
June 17
*Maurice Stokes, a professional basketball player who was the 1956 NBA Rookie of the Year, was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
June 20
*Hilarius Gilges, an Afro-German tap dancer, actor and communist, was murdered by the Nazis in Dusseldorf, Germany.
June 21
*Gerald William Barrax, a poet and the author of Leaning Against the Sun, was born in Attalia, Alabama.
June 22
*In a ruling that would cost him his judicial career, Alabama circuit judge James E. Horton set aside the April 9 jury verdict against Haywood Patterson, the first of the Scottsboro Boys to be retried on charges of rape in 1931. Judge Horton wrote, after reviewing the proof presented at the trial, that "the evidence greatly preponderates in favor of the defendant", set aside the verdict and the death sentence, and ordered a retrial. In making the unpopular decision, Horton would lose his bid for re-election in 1934, and retire to farming. All of the Scottsboro Boys would later be exonerated and released from prison.
June 24
May 19
*Tom Feelings, an illustrator and comic strip artist, was born in Brooklyn, New York (May 19).
May 21
*George Wilson Becton, the controversial 43-year-old African-American evangelist, was murdered by two white gunmen as he and aides left a Philadelphia church after he preached a sermon there.
June 17
*Maurice Stokes, a professional basketball player who was the 1956 NBA Rookie of the Year, was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
June 20
*Hilarius Gilges, an Afro-German tap dancer, actor and communist, was murdered by the Nazis in Dusseldorf, Germany.
June 21
*Gerald William Barrax, a poet and the author of Leaning Against the Sun, was born in Attalia, Alabama.
June 22
*In a ruling that would cost him his judicial career, Alabama circuit judge James E. Horton set aside the April 9 jury verdict against Haywood Patterson, the first of the Scottsboro Boys to be retried on charges of rape in 1931. Judge Horton wrote, after reviewing the proof presented at the trial, that "the evidence greatly preponderates in favor of the defendant", set aside the verdict and the death sentence, and ordered a retrial. In making the unpopular decision, Horton would lose his bid for re-election in 1934, and retire to farming. All of the Scottsboro Boys would later be exonerated and released from prison.
June 24
*Soprano Sissieretta Jones, known as "Black Patti", died in Providence, Rhode Island. She sang at Carnegie Hall, the Madison Square Garden, and the White House.
June 25
*James Meredith, the first African American student admitted to the University of Mississippi, was born in Kosciusko, Mississippi.
July 1
*Ethel Waters became the first African-American to have her own network radio show, after being signed to appear twice a week on the NBC Radio Network.
July 10
*Richard Hatcher, a politician who became the first African American to serve as Mayor of Gary, Indiana, was born in Michigan City, Indiana.
July 15
*Freddie Keppard (sometimes rendered as Freddy Keppard), an early jazz cornetist who once held the title of "King" in the New Orleans jazz scene, died in Chicago, Illinois. This title was previously held by Buddy Bolden and succeeded by Joe Oliver.
July 20
*John Wesley Edward Bowen, the first African American president of Gammon Theological Seminary, died.
July 21
*Father Charles Uncles, one of the first African-American Catholic priests, died in Baltimore, Maryland. His death left only two black Catholic priests in the United States, Norman Dukette and Charles Logan.
July 22
*Caterina Jarboro became the first African-American opera singer to perform at a major opera house, appearing at the New York Hippodrome for the Chicago Civic Opera in the title role of Aida.
July 26
*Charles Tindley, a Methodist minister and gospel music composer known as the "Prince of Preachers", was born in Berlin, Maryland.
June 25
*James Meredith, the first African American student admitted to the University of Mississippi, was born in Kosciusko, Mississippi.
July 1
*Ethel Waters became the first African-American to have her own network radio show, after being signed to appear twice a week on the NBC Radio Network.
July 10
*Richard Hatcher, a politician who became the first African American to serve as Mayor of Gary, Indiana, was born in Michigan City, Indiana.
July 15
*Freddie Keppard (sometimes rendered as Freddy Keppard), an early jazz cornetist who once held the title of "King" in the New Orleans jazz scene, died in Chicago, Illinois. This title was previously held by Buddy Bolden and succeeded by Joe Oliver.
July 20
*John Wesley Edward Bowen, the first African American president of Gammon Theological Seminary, died.
July 21
*Father Charles Uncles, one of the first African-American Catholic priests, died in Baltimore, Maryland. His death left only two black Catholic priests in the United States, Norman Dukette and Charles Logan.
July 22
*Caterina Jarboro became the first African-American opera singer to perform at a major opera house, appearing at the New York Hippodrome for the Chicago Civic Opera in the title role of Aida.
July 26
*Charles Tindley, a Methodist minister and gospel music composer known as the "Prince of Preachers", was born in Berlin, Maryland.
August 8
*Joe Tex, a rhythm and blues singer known for "Hold On To What You've Got", was born in Rogers, Texas.
August 12
*Joe Tex, a rhythm and blues singer known for "Hold On To What You've Got", was born in Rogers, Texas.
August 12
*Camille Billops, painter, sculptor, and filmmaker, was born in Los Angeles.
August 13
*Joycelyn Elders, a pediatrician who became the first African American appointed Surgeon General of the United States, was born in Schaal, Arkansas.
September 1
August 13
*Joycelyn Elders, a pediatrician who became the first African American appointed Surgeon General of the United States, was born in Schaal, Arkansas.
September 1
*United States Interior Secretary Harold L. Ickes issued an order forbidding racial discrimination in hiring on any Public Works Administration (PWA) funded projects, including any businesses awarded a PWA contract.
*Gene Harris, a jazz pianist known for his rendition of "Ode to Billie Joe", was born in Benton Harbor, Michigan.
*Gene Harris, a jazz pianist known for his rendition of "Ode to Billie Joe", was born in Benton Harbor, Michigan.
September 2
*Mathieu Kerekou, a President of Benin known as "The Chameleon", was born Kouarfa, in north-west French Dahomey (Benin).
September 4
*At Camp Columbia, the Cuban Army base at Marianao, near Havana, Sergeant Fulgencio Batista, a person of African descent, led an uprising of non-commissioned officers (known as the "Revolt of the Sergeants") against their Army superiors, seized control of the base, then incited a revolt that would topple the national government the next day.
September 5
*As the Revolt of the Sergeants continued, Cuba's President Carlos Cespedes, in office for only a few weeks after the overthrow of Gerardo Machado, stepped aside in favor of a five-member junta allied with Sergeant Batista. The Pentarquia was led by law professor Guillermo Portela, accompanied by Jose Irizarri, Porfirio Franco, Sergio Carbo, and Ramon Grau San Martin. Within a week, Grau would become President, and Batista would be promoted to Army Chief of Staff. Batista would later become dictator of Cuba until being overthrown in an uprising by Fidel Castro.
September 6
*As the uprising in Cuba continued, the United States dispatched 16 destroyers to the island nation, bringing to 30 the number of United States Navy ships prepared to bring an invading force.
September 10
*The first Negro League baseball all-star game, dubbed the "East-West All-Star Game" for the Negro National League, was played one month after the white Major League Baseball teams held their first all-star game, and at the same venue, Comiskey Park in Chicago, where 20,000 attended. The West team beat the East, 11-7 with future Baseball Hall of Fame inductees Bill Foster, Mule Suttles, Willie Wells, and Turkey Stearnes, while the East had future Cooperstown inductees Josh Gibson, Satchel Paige, Judy Johnson, Biz Mackey, Cool Papa Bell, Jud Wilson, Oscar Charleston, Andy Cooper and Manager Pop Lloyd.
*Ramon Grau became the fourth President of Cuba in less than a month, after the Revolutionary Council elected him to take over from the junta that had overthrown President de Cespedes. He would serve for a few months, but would serve a four-year term later from 1944 to 1948.
September 14
*The British High Commissioner for the African protectorate of Bechuanaland (now the Republic of Botswana), Vice Admiral E.R.G.R. Evans, sent in troops to the city of Serowe, to depose the King of the Bamangwato tribe, Chief Tshekedi. The King had violated a law prohibiting trial of any European national in native courts, after permitting a British citizen, Phineas McIntosh, to be flogged as punishment for adultery.
September 18
*Aklilu Lemma, an Ethiopian physician known for his work on preventing the parasitic disease bilharzia, was born Jijiga, Abyssinia.
September 19
*The film version of The Emperor Jones, starring Paul Robeson and an African-American cast, had its premiere, being shown at the Rivoli theater in Manhattan and the Roosevelt Theater in Harlem.
September 20
*Billy Walker, a jockey who won the Kentucky Derby riding Baden-Baden, died In Louisville, Kentucky.
September 21
*Clifford Leopold Alexander, Jr., a lawyer, businessman and public servant who became the first African American to serve as Secretary of the Army (1977-1981), was born in New York City, New York (September 21).
September 29
*Samora Machel, the President of Mozambique from 1975 to 1986, was born in Chilembene, Mozambique.
September 29
*Samora Machel, the President of Mozambique from 1975 to 1986, was born in Chilembene, Mozambique.
October 17
*The weekly newspaper Negro World, which had been founded 15 years earlier by Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association, ceased publication.
October 18
*The last lynching in Maryland took place in the town of Princess Anne (October 18). George Armwood had been arrested two days earlier and charged with the rape of an 81-year-old woman. A mob of more than 1,000 people surrounded the Somerset County Jail, dragged him through the streets, hanged him, then brought the body back to the courthouse where it was hung from a telephone pole and burned.
October 19
*William Mboumoua, a Cameroonian politician who served as Secretary-General of the Organization of African Unity from 1974 to 1978, was born Bonadibong, Douala.
October 24
*Lucy Craft Laney, an early African-American educator who in 1883 founded the first school for black children in Augusta, Georgia, died in Augusta, Georgia. She was principal of the Haines Institute for Industrial and Normal Education for 50 years. While he was Governor of the State of Georgia, Jimmy Carter selected her portrait to hang in the Georgia State Capitol.
October 27
*Grady Brooks was executed in Milledgeville, Georgia, for the murder of prison guard Lee Lindsay. Before going to the electric chair, the 19-year-old African-American confessed to 18 other murders, five of them when he was a 13-year-old child.
October 28
*The weekly newspaper Negro World, which had been founded 15 years earlier by Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association, ceased publication.
October 18
*The last lynching in Maryland took place in the town of Princess Anne (October 18). George Armwood had been arrested two days earlier and charged with the rape of an 81-year-old woman. A mob of more than 1,000 people surrounded the Somerset County Jail, dragged him through the streets, hanged him, then brought the body back to the courthouse where it was hung from a telephone pole and burned.
October 19
*Moses Orimolade, a Nigerian Yoruban religious leader who founded the Order of the Cherubim and Seraphim, died.
October 20
October 20
*William Mboumoua, a Cameroonian politician who served as Secretary-General of the Organization of African Unity from 1974 to 1978, was born Bonadibong, Douala.
October 24
*Lucy Craft Laney, an early African-American educator who in 1883 founded the first school for black children in Augusta, Georgia, died in Augusta, Georgia. She was principal of the Haines Institute for Industrial and Normal Education for 50 years. While he was Governor of the State of Georgia, Jimmy Carter selected her portrait to hang in the Georgia State Capitol.
October 27
*Grady Brooks was executed in Milledgeville, Georgia, for the murder of prison guard Lee Lindsay. Before going to the electric chair, the 19-year-old African-American confessed to 18 other murders, five of them when he was a 13-year-old child.
October 28
*Manuel Francisco dos Santos, an Afro-Brazilian soccer star known by the nickname Garrincha ("Little Bird") was born.
*Wallace Muhammad, the founder of the American Society of Muslims, was born in Hamtramck, Michigan.
October30
November 3
*The United States and Haiti signed a treaty of friendship.
*Louis Wade Sullivan, founder of the Morehouse School of Medicine and President George H. W. Bush's Secretary of Health and Human Services, was born in Atlanta, Georgia.
November 4
*Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu, a Nigerian military officer and politician who served as the military governor of the Eastern Region of Nigeria in 1966 and the leader of the breakaway Republic of Biafra from 1967 to 1970, was born in Zungeru, Nigeria.
November 10
*Mack Rice, a singer best known for his hit "Mustang Sally" was born in Clarksdale, Mississippi.
November 11
November 4
*Mildred McDaniel-Singleton, an athlete who competed mainly in the women's high jump event during her career and who won the gold medal at the 1956 Summer Olympics held in Melbourne, Australia, was born in Atlanta, Georgia.
*Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu, a Nigerian military officer and politician who served as the military governor of the Eastern Region of Nigeria in 1966 and the leader of the breakaway Republic of Biafra from 1967 to 1970, was born in Zungeru, Nigeria.
November 10
*Mack Rice, a singer best known for his hit "Mustang Sally" was born in Clarksdale, Mississippi.
November 11
*Miriam Tlali, a South African novelist who was the first black woman in South Africa to publish a novel, Muriel at Metropolitan, in 1979, and who was also one of the first to write about Soweto, was born in Doornfontein, Johannesburg, South Africa.
November 12
November 21
*Etta Zuber Falconer, an educator and mathematician who was one of the first African American women to receive a Ph.D. in mathematics, was born in Tupelo, Mississippi.
November 12
*Diane Watson, the first African American woman elected to the California State Senate, was born in Los Angeles, California.
*Etta Zuber Falconer, an educator and mathematician who was one of the first African American women to receive a Ph.D. in mathematics, was born in Tupelo, Mississippi.
November 25
*Lenny Moore, a football halfback who played college football at Pennsylvania State University and professionally in the National Football League (NFL) for the Baltimore Colts from 1956 to 1967, was born in Reading, Pennsylvania.
November 30
*Artist Sam Gilliam was born in Tupelo, Mississippi.
December 1
*Clarence Norris, the first of the Scottsboro Boys to receive a new trial, was found guilty of rape and sentenced to death for the third time. His attorney, Samuel S. Leibowitz, appealed the verdict of the Decatur, Alabama jury.
*Clarence Norris, the first of the Scottsboro Boys to receive a new trial, was found guilty of rape and sentenced to death for the third time. His attorney, Samuel S. Leibowitz, appealed the verdict of the Decatur, Alabama jury.
*Lou Rawls, a jazz and blues singer, was born in Chicago, Illinois. Rawls would record over 30 albums.
December 8
December 18
*Lonnie Brooks, a blues singer and guitarist, was born in Dubuisson, Louisiana.
December 25
*Kid Chocolate (Eligio Montalvo) lost his title as the world junior lightweight champion, after being knocked out in the seventh round by Frankie Klick in Philadelphia.
December 8
*Flip Wilson, a comedian and actor who, in the early 1970s, hosted his own weekly variety series, The Flip Wilson Show, was born in Jersey City, New Jersey. The series earned Wilson a Golden Globe and two Emmy Awards. In January 1972, Time magazine featured Wilson's image on its cover and named him "TV's first black superstar".
December 18
*Lonnie Brooks, a blues singer and guitarist, was born in Dubuisson, Louisiana.
December 25
*Kid Chocolate (Eligio Montalvo) lost his title as the world junior lightweight champion, after being knocked out in the seventh round by Frankie Klick in Philadelphia.
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