1936
*****
Pan-African Chronology
January 5
*Italian planes bombed Degehabur.
January 8
*Ethiopia asked the League of Nations to dispatch a commission to investigate the use of poison gas by Italian troops.
January 10
January 12
*The Battle of Ganale Doria began on the Ethiopian southern front.
January 16
*The Battle of Ganale Doria ended in an Italian victory.
*Mussolini sent a letter to the International Committee of the Red Cross referring to the Italian bombing of hospitals in Ethiopia as "accidents".
January 20
*Italians captured what remained of the town of Negele Borana which had nearly been destroyed by bombing.
*The Christmas Offensive ended in an Ethiopian tactical victory.
*Italian planes bombed Degehabur.
January 8
*Ethiopia asked the League of Nations to dispatch a commission to investigate the use of poison gas by Italian troops.
January 10
*General elections were held in Cuba. Miguel Mariano Gomez was elected the country's new president.
*The Dominican Republic's capital city of Santo Domingo was renamed Ciudad Trujillo (Trujillo City), after the country's ruler Rafael Trujillo, a person of African descent.
*The Battle of Ganale Doria began on the Ethiopian southern front.
January 16
*The Battle of Ganale Doria ended in an Italian victory.
*Mussolini sent a letter to the International Committee of the Red Cross referring to the Italian bombing of hospitals in Ethiopia as "accidents".
January 20
*Italians captured what remained of the town of Negele Borana which had nearly been destroyed by bombing.
*The Christmas Offensive ended in an Ethiopian tactical victory.
*The First Battle of Tembien began on Ethiopia's northern front. The battle stopped the progress of the Ethiopian offensive and enabled the Italians to continue their offensive.
January 23
*John C. Mills (b. October 19, 1910, Piqua, Ohio – d. January 23, 1936, England), a member of the Mills Brothers vocal group, died in England from pneumonia.
January 29
*James Jamerson, a bass player who played on most of the Motown hit records of the 1960s and early 1970s, was born in Edisto, South Carolina.
February 1
*An appeal from Benito Mussolini to "the students of Europe" was published in Il Popolo d'Italia, claiming that Italy wanted peace in Europe but sanctions against the country would lead to a war for which Italy would not be responsible.
February 10
*The Battle of Amba Aradam began on the northern front in Ethiopia.
February 11
*French police fought 200 pro-Italian students at the University of Paris calling for the dismissal of Gaston Jeze, who served as legal counsel to Ethiopia.
February 12
*A committee of experts reported to the League of Nations that an oil embargo against Italy would take three and a half months to become effective, and even that would only be if the United States agreed to curtail its booming oil business with Italy.
February 13
*Charles Maurras published a column in Action Francaise calling for "the knife" to be used against politicians who supported sanctions against Italy. That same day, French politician Leon Blum was attacked and cut about the head by student followers of Maurras. That night, the French government banned the Action Française, Camelots du Roi and Royalist Students' Association under the law passed in December prohibiting extremist political leagues.
February 14
*The National Negro Congress, the first attempt at a united front organization to try to better the conditions of black workers, convened.
February 17
February 14
*The National Negro Congress, the first attempt at a united front organization to try to better the conditions of black workers, convened.
February 17
*The United States Supreme Court decided the case of Brown v. Mississippi.
*Football player Jim Brown was born on Saint Simons Island, Georgia. A record-breaking offensive back for the Cleveland Browns, he would later star in films and founded the Negro Industrial and Economic Union.
February 19
*Sam Myers, a blues musician, was born in Laurel, Mississippi.
*The Battle of Amba Aradam ended in an Italian victory.
February 20
*Kip Rhinelander, an American socialite who infamously attempted to annul his marriage to a light skinned woman of African descent, died from lobar pneumonia.
February 21
*Barbara Jordan, a three-term United States representative, was born in Houston, Texas. She would become the first African American to make the keynote speech at the Democratic National Convention.
February 23
*Puerto Rico's Chief of Police E. Francis Riggs was shot and killed by two young Nationalists. The two assailants were captured and executed immediately without trial.
February 27
*The Second Battle of Tembien began on Ethiopia's northern front.
*Mulugeta Yeggazu, an Ethiopian government official and military leader, died.
February 29
*The Ethiopians are defeated in the Second Battle of Tembien leaving few survivors from the armies of Ras Kassa and Ras Seyoum.
*The Battle of Shire began.
March 2
*The Dominican Republic National Police was formed.
March 3
*The League asked Italy and Ethiopia to open negotiations.
March 4
*The Battle of Shire ended with the destruction of Ras Imru's army.
March 5
*Ethiopia accepted the negotiations appeal.
March 6
*Marion Barry, a civil rights activist and four term mayor of Washington, D. C., was born in Itta Bena, Mississippi.
March 7
*Hitler took advantage of the crisis over Italy's invasion of Ethiopia to reoccupy the Rhineland.
*F. W. de Klerk, the State President of South Africa, was born in Johannesburg, South Africa.
*Lee "Scratch" Perry, a reggae producer, as born in Kendal, Jamaica.
*Ethiopia again appealed to the League, stating that nothing effective had yet been enforced.
March 21
*Emperor Haile Selassie protests to the League again, reporting Italian atrocities such as use of chemical weapons, destruction of ambulances and the massacre of civilians.
March 22
*Italian warplanes bombed Jijiga for more than an hour in the most intense aerial bombardment of the war to date.
*The League of Nations Committee of Thirteen called upon the International Committee of the Red Cross to supply any information it could offer regarding accusations of Italian troops using poison gas in Ethiopia. The Red Cross denied the request, explaining that the "neutrality which the International Red Cross Committee is bound to observe makes it necessary for the Committee to exercise very great discretion."
March 24
*Don Covay, a singer and songwriter who composed "Chain of Fools".
*Kalaparusha McIntyre, a free jazz tenor saxophonist was born in Clarksville, Arkansas.
March 25
*International Committee of the Red Cross President Max Huber went to Rome to discuss an investigation of the Italian bombing of Red Cross units. Italy set its conditions: the question of poison gas would be excluded from any investigation, no Ethiopians could participate and Italy could not appear to be standing trial. Huber left with a promise from Mussolini to respect the Red Cross flag, but nothing more.
March 29
*Italian planes firebombed Harar.
March 31
*Italians won the Battle of Maychew and achieved complete victory on Ethiopia's northern front.
April 1
*Ethiopia pleaded for removal of the arms embargo, financial assistance, and heavier sanctions on Italy. Achille Starace's East African Fast Column (Colonna Celere de Africa Orientale) arrived in Gondar.
*The Italian bombing of Harar was discussed in the British House of Commons. Hugh Dalton of the Labour Party asked Foreign Minister Anthony Eden if he was aware "that British public opinion is increasingly stirred by these horrible atrocities which are being perpetrated, and when are His Majesty's Government going to take any further step to end it, at least by refusing to supply British oil to these murderous airmen?" Eden replied that the government was just as anxious "to bring this war, and the miserable suffering consequent upon it, to an end."
April 3
*Germany sent Britain a point-blank refusal to promise not to fortify the Rhineland.
*The British government indicated that it would again apply pressure to impose an oil embargo against Italy unless it ceased its hostilities in Ethiopia, due to the strength of the evidence Britain had that the Italians were using poison gas.
April 4
April 6
Most of what remained of Haile Selassie's withdrawing army was destroyed at Lake Ashangi.
*In South Africa, the Cape African franchise was abolished.
*Bobby Smith, a rhythm and blues singer known for being the principal lead singer of The Spinners, was born in Detroit, Michigan.
April 12
*In Ethiopia, Italian forces occupied Gallabat.
April 13
*Italian forces reached Lake Tana.
April 14
*A production of William Shakespeare's Macbeth, commonly nicknamed Voodoo Macbeth and directed by Orson Welles, premiered at the Lafayette Theatre in Harlem.
April 15
*Italian troops occupied Dessie.
*The Italian government ordered its citizens to stop requesting permission to adopt Ethiopian babies.
April 17
*Peace talks in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War broke off in Geneva as the League of Nations essentially concluded that it was too late to save Ethiopia from defeat.
April 25
*The Battle of the Ogaden ended in Italian victory.
*The final Italian drive on the Ethiopian capital of Addis Adaba, immortalized in Fascist propaganda as the March of the Iron Will, began.
April 27
*An Italian plane dropped leaflets on Addis Ababa threatening to bomb and destroy the city if the advance on the Ethiopian capital met any resistance.
*Princess Tsehai of Ethiopia appealed to the League (April 27).
*Princess Tsehai of Ethiopia appealed to the League (April 27).
April 29
*Bernie Parrish, a professional football player who was a member of the champion Cleveland Browns, was born in Long Beach, California.
April 30
*Italian troops occupied Degehabur.
May 1
*Emperor Haile Selassie, his wife Menen Asfaw, and key members of the Ethiopian government decided to depart Addis Adaba by train and flee to Djibouti in French Somaliland.
May 2
*The Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie went into exile.
May 4
May 5
*In Ethiopia, the "March of the Iron Will" was completed and Addis Ababa was captured by Italian forces (May 5).
May 6
*Marshal Pietro Badoglio named Giuseppe Bottai as the first Italian Governor of Addis Ababa.
May 7
*Jimmy Ruffin, a soul singer best known for his hit "What Becomes of the Brokenhearted", was born in Collinsville, Mississippi.
*Italy officially annexed Ethiopia.
May 8
*Graziani entered Harar.
May 9
*Italian dictator Benito Mussolini proclaimed his Africa Orientale Italiana (AOI, Italian East African Empire), formed from the newly occupied Ethiopia and the colonies of Italian Eritrea and Italian Somaliland.
May 10
*Haile Selassie gave a written statement to journalists explaining that he and his family fled Ethiopia because their death or imprisonment would not have served the interests of the people. "Upon consulting our nobles, it was agreed that we could best serve the interests of our people by going abroad so that we might freely pursue our efforts to safeguard the independence of Ethiopia", the statement read.
May 11
*The Italian delegation at the League of Nations walked out on a session about Ethiopia when the League allowed Ethiopia's delegate to continue participating in League sessions.
*The Italian delegation to the League of Nations left Geneva at Mussolini's command.
May 13
*Austrian Vice-Chancellor Ernst Rudiger Starhemberg sent Mussolini a telegram congratulating him on his conquest of Ethiopia. The Austrian foreign office was flooded with diplomatic protests from other countries that same day.
May 14
*The musical drama film Show Boat starring Irene Dunne, Allan Jones, Charles Winninger, Hattie McDaniel, and Paul Robeson (singing Old Man River) premiered at Radio City Music Hall in New York.
May 16
*The Italian Senate ratified the annexation of Ethiopia.
May 23
*The Black Native Party was founded in Uruguay.
May 25
*In Wayne County, Michigan, 25 members of the Black Legion were charged with murder and kidnapping in connection with the death of a WPA worker the night of May 12–13.
*Louis Gossett, Jr., an Academy Award winning actor, was born in Brooklyn, New York.
June 1
*Italy merged Ethiopia with Eritrea and Italian Somaliland, calling the new state Africa Orientale Italiana (Italian East Africa).
June 3
*Haile Selassie arrived by special train at London Waterloo station to a huge crowd cheering and displaying welcome banners.
June 6
*The British Union of Fascists held a rally in Hyde Park, London, to protest Haile Selassie's presence in the country.
June 7
*A victory parade was staged in Rome for thousands of troops returning from the Second Italo-Ethiopian War.
June 11
*Marshal Graziani is appointed Viceroy of Ethiopia.
*The Joe Louis vs. Max Schmeling fight at Yankee Stadium was postponed 24 hours due to rain.
*Ronald Venetiaan, the 6th and 8th President of Suriname, was born in Paramaribo, Suriname.
June 19
*Max Schmeling knocked out Joe Louis in the 12th round of their bout at Yankee Stadium in front of 39,878. Schmeling's victory was considered a significant upset.
June 20
*President Roosevelt lifted the restrictions the United States had placed against Italy and Ethiopia under the Neutrality Act.
June 23
*Charles Hobson, a television producer who wrote what may have been the nation's first African American produced community program on television, "Inside Bedford-Stuyvesant", was born in Brooklyn, New York.
*Haile Selassie arrived in Geneva to make a speech before the League of Nations. During a press conference with journalists, Selassie maintained that his government remained the only legitimate authority of Ethiopia.
*Hal Greer, a Hall of Fame basketball player, was born in Huntington, West Virginia.
June 29
*Kigeli V, the last King (Mwami) of Rwanda, was born in Kamembe, Ruanda-Urundi (June29).
June 30
*Haile Selassie appeared before the League of Nations to give a speech. Italian correspondents in the press gallery created a loud disturbance and had to be removed by police before he could speak. Selassie then made an impassioned speech recounting the principal events of the war and criticizing the League for its ineffective response.
*The Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie appealed to the League of Nations in person, "to claim the justice that is due to my people". He prophetically added, "It is us today; it will be you tomorrow."
July 3
*John Hope was honored in New York City by the NAACP for his achievements as an educational and civil rights leader.
July 6
*Ethiopian guerrilla fighters attacked a railway line 30 miles from Addis Ababa.
July 9
July 12
*Actress Rose McClendon died in New York City. Famous for her roles in Deep River, In Abraham's Bosom, and Porgy, she helped found the Negro People's Theater and the Rose McClendon Players.
July 17
*The Spanish Army of Africa launched a coup d'état against the Second Spanish Republic, beginning the Spanish Civil War.
July 18
*The Spanish Army of Africa launched a coup d'état against the Second Spanish Republic, beginning the Spanish Civil War.
July 18
*The Spanish Civil War began as army officers in Spanish Morocco started an insurrection against the Madrid government rallying behind Generals Emilio Mola and Francisco Franco. The revolt spread to garrisons at Cadiz, Saragossa, Burgos, and Seville.
July 25
*Germany became the first country to recognize Italian rule of Ethiopia by abolishing its legation in Addis Ababa and replacing it with a general consulate.
July 28
*Two sons of Ras Kassa led several thousand men in an attempt to recapture Addis Ababa from the Italians, but were driven back by the Italian garrison. Suspected of supporting this action, the archbishop of Dessie, Abuna Petros, was shot by the Italians
July 28
*Two sons of Ras Kassa led several thousand men in an attempt to recapture Addis Ababa from the Italians, but were driven back by the Italian garrison. Suspected of supporting this action, the archbishop of Dessie, Abuna Petros, was shot by the Italians
July 30
*Buddy Guy, a blues guitarist and singer named one of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time, was born in Lettsworth, Louisiana.
August 1
*The opening ceremony of the 1936 Summer Olympics was held in Berlin. As with the Winter Games in February, there was confusion between the Nazi salute and the Olympic salute. Most countries gave one salute or the other as they passed Hitler in the viewing stand. The British and Americans did not salute at all and gave a military-style 'eyes right' instead. The Americans were also the only country not to dip their country's flag while passing Hitler, in keeping with the U.S. custom of only dipping to the President of the United States.
August 2
*On the first day of competition at the Summer Olympics, Adolf Hitler congratulated German gold medalists Tilly Fleischer and Hans Woellke, then invited all three Finnish medalists in the 10,000 meters to his box to congratulate them as well. However, he left before congratulating the gold medalist in the high jump, Cornelius Johnson of the United States. An international controversy broke out over whether Hitler had snubbed Johnson for being African-American. International Olympic Committee President Henri de Baillet-Latour told Hitler to either congratulate all the medalists or none at all. Hitler chose the latter and no athletes were invited to his box for the rest of the Olympics.
August 3
*Jesse Owens of the United States won his first gold medal of the Berlin Olympics, equaling the world record of 10.3 seconds in the 100 meter dash.
August 4
*Jesse Owens won gold in the long jump. An often-told story holds that Germany's Luz Long gave Owens some advice after he almost failed to qualify. The veracity of the story has been questioned, but it is known for certain that Owens and Long embraced in front of Hitler and became friends.
August 5
*Jesse Owens won gold in the 200 meter dash. His time of 20.7 seconds would have easily been a new world record, but the IAAF (International Association of Athletics Federations) did not recognize records set on a turn at the time.
*The opening ceremony of the 1936 Summer Olympics was held in Berlin. As with the Winter Games in February, there was confusion between the Nazi salute and the Olympic salute. Most countries gave one salute or the other as they passed Hitler in the viewing stand. The British and Americans did not salute at all and gave a military-style 'eyes right' instead. The Americans were also the only country not to dip their country's flag while passing Hitler, in keeping with the U.S. custom of only dipping to the President of the United States.
August 2
*On the first day of competition at the Summer Olympics, Adolf Hitler congratulated German gold medalists Tilly Fleischer and Hans Woellke, then invited all three Finnish medalists in the 10,000 meters to his box to congratulate them as well. However, he left before congratulating the gold medalist in the high jump, Cornelius Johnson of the United States. An international controversy broke out over whether Hitler had snubbed Johnson for being African-American. International Olympic Committee President Henri de Baillet-Latour told Hitler to either congratulate all the medalists or none at all. Hitler chose the latter and no athletes were invited to his box for the rest of the Olympics.
August 3
*Jesse Owens of the United States won his first gold medal of the Berlin Olympics, equaling the world record of 10.3 seconds in the 100 meter dash.
August 4
*Jesse Owens won gold in the long jump. An often-told story holds that Germany's Luz Long gave Owens some advice after he almost failed to qualify. The veracity of the story has been questioned, but it is known for certain that Owens and Long embraced in front of Hitler and became friends.
August 5
*Jesse Owens won gold in the 200 meter dash. His time of 20.7 seconds would have easily been a new world record, but the IAAF (International Association of Athletics Federations) did not recognize records set on a turn at the time.
August 9
*The United States won gold in the men's 4 x 100 meters relay race, giving Jesse Owens his fourth gold medal of the Olympics.
*The United States won gold in the men's 4 x 100 meters relay race, giving Jesse Owens his fourth gold medal of the Olympics.
*Andre Kolingba, 4th President of the Central African Republic, was born in Bangui, Ubangi-Shari (now the Central African Republic).
August 18
*Joe Louis knocked out Jack Sharkey in the third round in front of 29,331 at Yankee Stadium. It was Sharkey's final match.
August 21
*Basketball player and coach Wilt Chamberlain was born in Philadelphia. He would be widely regarded as the best offensive player in basketball history.
August 31
*Educator Marva Collins was born in Monroeville, Alabama. She would start Westside Preparatory School in one of Chicago's poorest neighborhoods.
September
*William White, a Nova Scotian of African descent who became the first black officer in the British army, died.
September 21
September 23
*The League of Nations Assembly voted 39-4 to allow Ethiopia to keep its seat, meaning that Haile Selassie's government continued to be recognized by the League as the legitimate authority of the country and not Italy. The dissenting votes were cast by Hungary, Austria, Albania and Ecuador.
September 25
Moussa Traore, 2nd President of Mali, was born in Kayes, French Sudan.
September 27
Don Cornelius, a television show host and producer best known as the creator of the dance and music show Soul Train, was born in Chicago, Illinois.
October
*In October, the Italians begin armed campaigns into the two-thirds of Ethiopia still administered by Imperial officials.
October 19
*James Bevel, a civil rights leader, was born in Itta Bena, Mississippi.
*Educator Johnnetta Betsch Cole was born in Jacksonville, Florida. She would become the first African American female president of Spelman College.
October 20
*Political activist Bobby Seale was born in Dallas, Texas. He would co-found the Black Panther Party with Huey P. Newton.
November 4
*Didier Ratsiraka (b. November 4,1936), a Malagasy politician who was President of Madagascar from 1975 to 1993 and from 1997 to 2002, was born in Vatomandry, Atsinanana Region of French Madagascar.
*President Roosevelt sent birthday greetings to Victor Emmanuel III of Italy, but only addressed him as the "king of Italy" and avoided his new additional title of "emperor of Ethiopia".
November 23
*Robert Johnson entered a studio in San Antonio, Texas and recorded for the first time. The first song he recorded was "Terraplane Blues".
November 28
*Japan recognized Ethiopia as Italian territory.
December 8
*Robert Johnson entered a studio in San Antonio, Texas and recorded for the first time. The first song he recorded was "Terraplane Blues".
November 28
*Japan recognized Ethiopia as Italian territory.
December 8
*The case of Gibbs v. Board of Education of Montgomery County, Maryland, was filed by the NAACP. The decision set the precedent for equalizing the salaries of African American and European American school teachers.
*President Franklin D. Roosevelt, continuing to organize his unofficial "Black Cabinet," appointed Mary McLeod Bethune director of the Division of Negro Affairs of the National Youth Administration
December 12
Wilson Moreira (born December 12, 1936) is a Brazilian sambista, singer/songwriter, especially known for his exquisite and intricate melody lines.
Wilson Moreira (born December 12, 1936) is a Brazilian sambista, singer/songwriter, especially known for his exquisite and intricate melody lines.
Wilson Moreira was born in the neighborhood of Realengo, in Rio de Janeiro. As a teenager he was associated with the samba school Mocidade Independente de Padre Miguel, where he won twosamba-enredo contests in 1962 and 1963. In 1968, Wilson became affiliated to samba school Portela.
Wilson has a prolific partnership with sambista Nei Lopes. One of their greatest hits is the song "Senhora Liberdade", which became an anthem in the Brazilian Diretas movement for the institution of direct national elections in the 1980s. Some other famous songs from the duo are "Gotas de Veneno", "Sandália Amarela" and the non-samba "Candongueiro", which brings forward their African roots, with other successes as, e.g., "Meu Apelo", being signed by Wilson alone.
Wilson was a guest on many records, and released quite a few of them. Some of his records were released at first to the Japanese market and then to Brazil, since Wilson is very prominent in Japan. Brazilian virtuoso Raphael Rabello was a big fan of Wilson, and took part in his records Peso na Balança and Okolofé, both of which are considered up to this day some of the best finished samba albums ever.
In March 1997 Wilson Moreira fell victim to a stroke which left him partially imobilized. Fund-raising shows were organized by the samba scene in order to obtain more resources for better treatments to the sambista. Wilson has since recovered and has already released a record, composing sambas in partnerships.
December 15*Donald Goines, a novelist, was born in Detroit, Michigan.
December 17
*Italian reports from Ethiopia indicated that Imru Haile Selassie, cousin of Haile Selassie and the last of the major chieftains resisting the Italian occupation, had been captured.
*Italian reports from Ethiopia indicated that Imru Haile Selassie, cousin of Haile Selassie and the last of the major chieftains resisting the Italian occupation, had been captured.
December 18
*Ras Imru surrendered to the Italians near the Gojeb River. Italy declared Ethiopia pacified.
*Tommy Hawkins, the first African American basketball star at the University of Notre Dame, was born in Chicago, Illinois.
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