On Sunday, August 1, 1943, a European American policeman attempted to arrest an African American woman for disturbing the peace in the lobby of the Braddock Hotel. The hotel, which once hosted show business celebrities in the 1920s, had become a location known for prostitution by the 1940s. The Army designated the area as a "raided premise", and a policeman was stationed in the lobby to prevent further crime.
Various accounts detail how Marjorie (Margie) Polite, the African American woman, became confrontational with James Collins, the European American policeman. According to one, Polite checked into the hotel on August 1, but was unsatisfied and asked for another room. When she switched rooms and found the new accommodation did not have the shower and bath she wanted, Polite asked for a refund, which she received. Afterwards, however, she asked for the $1 tip that she gave to an elevator operator to be returned. The operator refused. Polite began to protest loudly, which caught the attention of Collins. According to another account, she became drunk at a party in one of the rooms, and confronted the officer as she attempted to leave.
After Collins told Polite to leave, she became verbally abusive of the officer and Collins arrested her on the grounds of disturbing the peace. Florine Roberts, the mother of Robert Bandy, an African American soldier in the United States Army, observed the incident and asked for Polite's release. The official police report held that the soldier threatened Collins. In the report, Bandy and Mrs. Roberts proceeded to attack Collins. Bandy hit the officer, and while attempting to flee, Collins shot Bandy in the shoulder with his revolver. In an interview with PM, the soldier stated that he intervened when the officer pushed Polite. According to Bandy, Collins threw his nightstick at Bandy, which he caught. When Bandy hesitated after Collins asked for its return, Collins shot him. Bandy's wound was superficial, but he was taken to Sydenham Hospital for treatment. Crowds quickly gathered around Bandy as he entered the hospital, around the hotel, and around police headquarters, where a crowd of 3,000 amassed by 9:00 pm. The crowds combined and grew tense as rumors that an African American soldier had been shot soon turned to rumors that an African American soldier had been killed.
At 10:30 pm, the crowd became violent after an individual threw a bottle off of a roof into the crowd aggregated about the hospital. The group dispersed into gangs containing between 50–100 members. The gangs first broke windows of European American owned businesses as they traveled through Harlem. If the mob was informed the business was under African American ownership, it left the establishment alone. If the ownership was European American, however, the store would be looted and vandalized. Rioters broke streetlights and threw white mannequins onto the ground. In grocery stores, the rioters took war-scarce items, such as coffee and sugar; clothing, liquor, and furniture stores were also looted. Estimates put the total monetary damage between $250,000–$5,000,000, which included 1,485 stores burglarized and 4,495 windows broken.
When Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia was informed of the situation at 9:00 pm, he met with police and visited the riot district with African American authority figures such as Max Yergan and Hope Stevens. La Guardia ordered all unoccupied officers into the region. In addition to the 6,000 city and military police, 1,500 volunteers were called on to help control the riot, with an additional 8,000 guardsmen "on standby". Traffic was directed around Harlem to contain the riot. After he returned from the tour, the mayor made the first of a series of radio announcements that urged Harlemites to return home. Soon after, he met with Walter Francis White of the National Association of Colored People to discuss the appropriate action to take. White suggested that African American leaders again visit the district to spread the message of order. Just after 2:00 A.M, the mayor instructed all taverns to close.
The riot ended on the night of August 2. Cleanup efforts started that day. The New York City Department of Sanitation worked to clean the area for three days and the New York City Departments of Buildings and Housing boarded windows. The city assigned a police escort for all department workers. The Red Cross gave Harlemites lemonade and crullers, and the mayor organized various hospitals to handle an influx of patients. By August 4, traffic had resumed through the borough, and taverns reopened the next day. La Guardia had food delivered to the residents of Harlem, and on August 6, food supplies returned to normal levels. Overall, six people died and nearly 700 were injured. Six hundred men and women were arrested in connection with the riot.
The cause of the riot lay with a disparity between the values of American democracy and the conditions of African American citizens. The segregation of African Americans in the armed forces while the United States fought for freedom underscored this disparity. The resentment of the status given African American members of the armed forces came to be embodied Robert Bandy while James Collins came to represent European American oppression of African Americans. Additionally, when Franklin Delano Roosevelt gave his Four Freedoms speech, calling for freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear for people "everywhere in the world", African Americans felt that they never had such freedoms themselves in America and, therefore, needed to be willing to fight for them domestically.
After the Harlem Riot of 1935 caused widespread destruction, La Guardia ordered a commission to pinpoint its underlying causes: commission head E. Franklin Frazier wrote that "economic and social forces created a state of emotional tension which sought release upon the slightest provocation". The report listed several "economic and social forces" that worked against African Americans, including discrimination in employment and city services, overcrowding in housing, and police brutality. Specifically, it criticized New York City Police Commissioner Lewis Joseph Valentine and New York City Hospitals Commissioner Sigismund S. Goldwater, both of whom responded with criticisms of the report. Conflicted, La Guardia asked academic Alain LeRoy Locke to analyze both accounts and assess the situation. Confidentially, Locke wrote to La Guardia that Valentine was blameworthy and listed several areas for immediate improvement, such as health and education. Publicly, Locke published an article in the Survey Graphic which blamed the 1935 riot on the state of affairs that La Guardia inherited.
Communally, conditions for African American Harlemites improved by 1943, with better employment in civil services, for instance, but economic problems became exacerbated under wartime conditions, which enforced employment discrimination in new war and non-war industries and business. Though new projects such as the Harlem River Houses expanded housing for African Americans, by 1943, Harlem housing had deteriorated as new construction slowed and buildings were destroyed. Although the state of African Americans improved relative to society, individuals could not accelerate their own progress.
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